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Vuono D, Clarizia G, Ferreri L, Consoli GML, Zampino DC, Scalzo G, Petralia S, Bernardo P. Molecularly Mixed Composite Membranes for Gas Separation Based on Macrocycles Embedded in a Polyimide. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:460. [PMID: 38399838 PMCID: PMC10892679 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyimides are a polymer class that has been extensively investigated as a membrane material for gas separation owing to its interesting permselective properties in a wide range of operation temperatures and pressures. In order to improve their properties, the addition of different filler types is currently studied. p-tert-Butylcalix[n]arene macrocycles (PTBCs) with different cavity sizes (PTBC4, PTBC6, PTBC8) were used as fillers in a commercial thermoplastic polyimide, with a concentration in the range 1-9 wt%, to develop nanocomposite membranes for gas separation. The selected macrocycles are attractive organic compounds owing to their porous structure and affinity with organic polymers. The nanocomposite membranes were prepared in the form of films in which the polymeric matrix is a continuous phase incorporating the dispersed additives. The preparation was carried out according to a pre-mixing approach in a mutual solvent, and the solution casting was followed by a controlled solvent evaporation. The films were characterized by investigating their miscibility, morphology, thermal and spectral properties. The gas transport through these films was examined as a function of the temperature and also time. The results evidenced that the incorporation of the chosen nanoporous fillers can be exploited to enhance molecular transport, offering additional pathways and promoting rearrangements of the polymeric chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Vuono
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Loredana Ferreri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB-CNR), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppina Scalzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Bernardo
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), 87036 Rende, Italy
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Esteban N, Claros M, Álvarez C, Lozano ÁE, Bartolomé C, Martínez-Ilarduya JM, Miguel JA. Palladium Catalysts Supported in Microporous Phosphine Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4143. [PMID: 37896387 PMCID: PMC10611190 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new set of microporous organic polymers (POPs) containing diphosphine derivatives synthesized by knitting via Friedel-Crafts has been attained. These amorphous three-dimensional materials have been prepared by utilizing diphosphines, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, and biphenyl as nucleophile aromatic groups, dimethoxymethane as the electrophilic linker, and FeCl3 as a promoting catalyst. These polymer networks display moderate thermal stability and high microporosity, boasting BET surface areas above 760 m2/g. They are capable of coordinating with palladium acetate, using the phosphine derivative as an anchoring center, and have proven to be highly efficient catalysts in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions involving bromo- and chloroarenes under environmentally friendly (using water and ethanol as solvents) and aerobic conditions. These supported catalysts have achieved excellent turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequencies (TOF), while maintaining good recyclability without significant loss of activity or Pd leaching after five consecutive reaction cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Esteban
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
| | - Miguel Claros
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
| | - Cristina Álvarez
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
- SMAP, UA-UVA_CSIC, Associated Research Unit to CSIC, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel E. Lozano
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
- SMAP, UA-UVA_CSIC, Associated Research Unit to CSIC, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Camino Bartolomé
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
| | - Jesús M. Martínez-Ilarduya
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
| | - Jesús A. Miguel
- IU CINQUIMA, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (N.E.); (M.C.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.); (J.M.M.-I.)
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Matesanz-Niño L, Moranchel-Pérez J, Álvarez C, Lozano ÁE, Casado-Coterillo C. Mixed Matrix Membranes Using Porous Organic Polymers (POPs)-Influence of Textural Properties on CO 2/CH 4 Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4135. [PMID: 37896379 PMCID: PMC10610931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) provide the opportunity to test new porous materials in challenging applications. A series of low-cost porous organic polymer (POPs) networks, possessing tunable porosity and high CO2 uptake, has been obtained by aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions of biphenyl, 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dimethyl-9,10-ethanoanthracene (DMDHA), triptycene and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (135TPB) with dimethoxymethane (DMM). These materials have been characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, WAXD, TGA, SEM, and CO2 uptake. Finally, different loadings of these POPs have been introduced into Matrimid, Pebax, and chitosan:polyvinyl alcohol blends as polymeric matrices to prepare MMMs. The CO2/CH4 separation performance of these MMMs has been evaluated by single and mixed gas permeation experiments at 4 bar and room temperature. The effect of the porosity of the porous fillers on the membrane separation behavior and the compatibility between them and the different polymer matrices on membrane design and fabrication has been studied by Maxwell model equations as a function of the gas permeability of the pure polymers, porosity, and loading of the fillers in the MMMs. Although the gas transport properties showed an increasing deviation from ideal Maxwell equation prediction with increasing porosity of the POP fillers and increasing hydrophilicity of the polymer matrices, the behavior of biopolymer-based CS:PVA MMMs approached that of Pebax-based MMMs, giving scope to not only new filler materials but also sustainable polymer choices to find a place in membrane technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matesanz-Niño
- Department of Applied Macromolecular Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-N.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.)
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP, UA-UVA_CSIC), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jorge Moranchel-Pérez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, E-39005 Santander, Spain;
| | - Cristina Álvarez
- Department of Applied Macromolecular Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-N.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.)
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP, UA-UVA_CSIC), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel E. Lozano
- Department of Applied Macromolecular Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-N.); (C.Á.); (Á.E.L.)
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP, UA-UVA_CSIC), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Clara Casado-Coterillo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, E-39005 Santander, Spain;
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Polymer materials derived from the SEAr reaction for gas separation applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Soto C, Comesaña-Gandara B, Marcos Á, Cuadrado P, Palacio L, Lozano ÁE, Álvarez C, Prádanos P, Hernandez A. Thermally Rearranged Mixed Matrix Membranes from Copoly(o-hydroxyamide)s and Copoly(o-hydroxyamide-amide)s with a Porous Polymer Network as a Filler-A Comparison of Their Gas Separation Performances. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:998. [PMID: 36295757 PMCID: PMC9609112 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copoly(o-hydroxyamide)s (HPA) and copoly(o-hydroxyamide-amide)s (PAA) have been synthesized to be used as continuous phases in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). These polymeric matrices were blended with different loads (15 and 30 wt.%) of a relatively highly microporous porous polymer network (PPN). SEM images of the manufactured MMMs exhibited good compatibility between the two phases for all the membranes studied, and their mechanical properties have been shown to be good enough even after thermal treatment. The WAX results show that the addition of PPN as a filler up to 30% does not substantially change the intersegmental distance and the polymer packing. It seems that, for all the membranes studied, the free volume that determines gas transport is in the high end of the possible range. This means that gas flow occurs mainly between the microvoids in the polymer matrix around the filler. In general, both HPA- and PAA-based MMMs exhibited a notable improvement in gas permeability, due to the presence of PPN, for all gases tested, with an almost constant selectivity. In summary, although the thermal stability of the PAA is limited by the thermal stability of the polyamide side chain, their mechanical properties were better. The permeability was higher for the PAA membranes before their thermal rearrangement, and these values increased after the addition of moderate amounts of PPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenit Soto
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Marcos
- Institute for Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Cuadrado
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Palacio
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel E. Lozano
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute for Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- IU CINQUIMA, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Álvarez
- Institute for Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Prádanos
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Abstract
Biogas and biohydrogen, due to their renewable nature and zero carbon footprint, are considered two of the gaseous biofuels that will replace conventional fossil fuels. Biogas from anaerobic digestion must be purified and converted into high-quality biomethane prior to use as a vehicle fuel or injection into natural gas networks. Likewise, the enrichment of biohydrogen from dark fermentation requires the removal of CO2, which is the main pollutant of this new gaseous biofuel. Currently, the removal of CO2 from both biogas and biohydrogen is carried out by means of physical/chemical technologies, which exhibit high operating costs and corrosion problems. Biological technologies for CO2 removal from biogas, such as photosynthetic enrichment and hydrogenotrophic enrichment, are still in an experimental development phase. In this context, membrane separation has emerged as the only physical/chemical technology with the potential to improve the performance of CO2 separation from both biogas and biohydrogen, and to reduce investment and operating costs, as a result of the recent advances in the field of nanotechnology and materials science. This review will focus on the fundamentals, potential and limitations of CO2 and H2 membrane separation technologies. The latest advances on membrane materials for biogas and biohydrogen purification will be systematically reviewed.
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Krasowska M, Strzelewicz A, Dudek G, Cieśla M. Numerical Study of Drift Influence on Diffusion Transport through the Hybrid Membrane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080788. [PMID: 36005703 PMCID: PMC9416707 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium alginate membranes filled with iron oxide nanoparticles consist of a mixture of organic and inorganic phases. This design offers the possibility to combine the polymer's easy processability and superior separation performance. For a better understanding of the mechanisms of mixture separation, we analyze the diffusion motion of a particle in the hybrid membrane environment. We model structures of two-dimensional heterogenic membranes, which resemble real membrane structures, and then we simulate a random walk on them. We investigate how the additional action of drift changes the motion properties of the diffusing particles through the polymeric membrane filled with inorganic powder. We test the effect of two parameters: the distribution of obstacles (filling) in the membrane and the value of drift on the nature of diffusion. It appears that the synergy between drift, the diffusion, and the membrane structure affect the occurrence of the superdiffusive and subdiffusive character of particle motion as measured by the time-averaged mean square displacement. An important point is the observation that the strong drift supports subdiffusive motion as it increases the chances of particle trapping. Moreover, there exists the optimal value of drift, for which the transport through a membrane speeds up and does not cause trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krasowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strzelewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michał Cieśla
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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