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Li K, Zhang Q, Chang Y, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang S, Gu Y. Improved Performance of Acoustically Actuated Magnetoelectric Antenna with FeGa/FeGaB Bilayer. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:190. [PMID: 38398919 PMCID: PMC10893387 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Acoustically actuated magnetoelectric (ME) antennas utilize acoustic wave resonance to complete the process of receiving and transmitting signals, which promotes the development of antenna miniaturization technology. This paper presents a bilayer magnetostrictive/AlN ME laminated antenna. The proposed laminated antenna uses the FeGa/FeGaB bilayer materials as magnetostrictive materials, which combine the advantages of soft magnetic properties of FeGa and the low loss of FeGaB. First, multiphysics modeling and analysis are performed for the proposed ME laminated antenna by finite element method (FEM). The positive/inverse ME effects and the influences of the volume ratio of the FeGa/FeGaB bilayer on the antenna performance are studied. The results show that the output voltage and ME coefficient of the FeGa/FeGaB bilayer magnetostrictive material with a volume ratio of 1:1 are 3.97 times and 195.8% higher than that of the single FeGaB layer, respectively. The eddy current loss is 52.08% lower than that of single-layer FeGa. According to the surface equivalence principle, the far-field radiation process is simulated. The results show that the gain of the ME antenna is 15 dB larger than that of the same-size micro-loop antenna, and the gain of the ME antenna is about -44.9 dB. The improved performance and magnetic tunability of the proposed bilayer magnetostrictive materials make ME antennas excellent candidates for portable devices and implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqi Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Qiaozhen Zhang
- College of Information, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Yang Chang
- College of Information, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Huiling Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Songsong Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuandong Gu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (K.L.); (J.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
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Narayanan RP, Khaleghi A, Veletić M, Balasingham I. Multiphysics simulation of magnetoelectric micro core-shells for wireless cellular stimulation therapy via magnetic temporal interference. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297114. [PMID: 38271467 PMCID: PMC10834063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative approach to wireless cellular stimulation therapy through the design of a magnetoelectric (ME) microdevice. Traditional electrophysiological stimulation techniques for neural and deep brain stimulation face limitations due to their reliance on electronics, electrode arrays, or the complexity of magnetic induction. In contrast, the proposed ME microdevice offers a self-contained, controllable, battery-free, and electronics-free alternative, holding promise for targeted precise stimulation of biological cells and tissues. The designed microdevice integrates core shell ME materials with remote coils which applies magnetic temporal interference (MTI) signals, leading to the generation of a bipolar local electric stimulation current operating at low frequencies which is suitable for precise stimulation. The nonlinear property of the magnetostrictive core enables the demodulation of remotely applied high-frequency electromagnetic fields, resulting in a localized, tunable, and manipulatable electric potential on the piezoelectric shell surface. This potential, triggers electrical spikes in neural cells, facilitating stimulation. Rigorous computational simulations support this concept, highlighting a significantly high ME coupling factor generation of 550 V/m·Oe. The high ME coupling is primarily attributed to the operation of the device in its mechanical resonance modes. This achievement is the result of a carefully designed core shell structure operating at the MTI resonance frequencies, coupled with an optimal magnetic bias, and predetermined piezo shell thickness. These findings underscore the potential of the engineered ME core shell as a candidate for wireless and minimally invasive cellular stimulation therapy, characterized by high resolution and precision. These results open new avenues for injectable material structures capable of delivering effective cellular stimulation therapy, carrying implications across neuroscience medical devices, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasadh Narayanan
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Veletić
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Li N, Li X, Xu B, Zheng B, Zhao P. Design and Optimization of a Micron-Scale Magnetoelectric Antenna Based on Acoustic Excitation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1584. [PMID: 36295937 PMCID: PMC9606975 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of antenna miniaturization technology is limited by the principle of electromagnetic radiation. In this paper, the structure size of the antenna is reduced by nearly two orders of magnitude by using Acoustic excitation instead of electromagnetic radiation. For this magnetoelectric (ME) antenna, the design, simulation and experiment were introduced. Firstly, the basic design theory of magnetoelectric antennas has been refined on a Maxwell's equations basis, and the structure of the ME antenna is designed by using the Mason equivalent circuit model. The influence mechanism of structure on antenna performance is studied by model simulation. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed design scheme, an antenna sample operating at 2.45 GHz was fabricated and tested. The gain measured is -15.59 dB, which is better than the latest research that has been reported so far. Therefore, the ME antenna is expected to provide an effective new scheme for antenna miniaturization technology.
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Wang Y, Ma Z, Fu G, Wang J, Xi Q, Wang Y, Jia Z, Zi G. A Low-Frequency MEMS Magnetoelectric Antenna Based on Mechanical Resonance. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060864. [PMID: 35744478 PMCID: PMC9228862 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antenna miniaturization technology has been a challenging problem in the field of antenna design. The demand for antenna miniaturization is even stronger because of the larger size of the antenna in the low-frequency band. In this paper, we consider MEMS magnetoelectric antennas based on mechanical resonance, which sense the magnetic fields of electromagnetic waves through the magnetoelectric (ME) effect at their mechanical resonance frequencies, giving a voltage output. A 70 μm diameter cantilever disk with SiO2/Cr/Au/AlN/Cr/Au/FeGaB stacked layers is prepared on a 300 μm silicon wafer using the five-masks micromachining process. The MEMS magnetoelectric antenna showed a giant ME coefficient is 2.928 kV/cm/Oe in mechanical resonance at 224.1 kHz. In addition, we demonstrate the ability of this MEMS magnetoelectric antenna to receive low-frequency signals. This MEMS magnetoelectric antenna can provide new ideas for miniaturization of low-frequency wireless communication systems. Meanwhile, it has the potential to detect weak electromagnetic field signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Guanglei Fu
- Training Center for Engineering Practices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Jiayan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Qi Xi
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ziqiang Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Guhao Zi
- The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shaan’xi Key Lab of MEMS/NEMS, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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