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Brennan D, Galvin P. Evaluation of a Machine Learning Algorithm to Classify Ultrasonic Transducer Misalignment and Deployment Using TinyML. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:560. [PMID: 38257653 PMCID: PMC10818582 DOI: 10.3390/s24020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The challenge for ultrasonic (US) power transfer systems, in implanted/wearable medical devices, is to determine when misalignment occurs (e.g., due to body motion) and apply directional correction accordingly. In this study, a number of machine learning algorithms were evaluated to classify US transducer misalignment, based on data signal transmissions between the transmitter and receiver. Over seven hundred US signals were acquired across a range of transducer misalignments. Signal envelopes and spectrograms were used to train and evaluate machine learning (ML) algorithms, classifying misalignment extent. The algorithms included an autoencoder, convolutional neural network (CNN) and neural network (NN). The best performing algorithm, was deployed onto a TinyML device for evaluation. Such systems exploit low power microcontrollers developed specifically around edge device applications, where algorithms were configured to run on low power, restricted memory systems. TensorFlow Lite and Edge Impulse, were used to deploy trained models onto the edge device, to classify signals according to transducer misalignment extent. TinyML deployment, demonstrated near real-time (<350 ms) signal classification achieving accuracies > 99%. This opens the possibility to apply such ML alignment algorithms to US arrays (capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT), piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) devices) capable of beam-steering, significantly enhancing power delivery in implanted and body worn systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Des Brennan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
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2
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Miziev S, Pawlak WA, Howard N. Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1320441. [PMID: 38292898 PMCID: PMC10825050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As neural implant technologies advance rapidly, a nuanced understanding of their powering mechanisms becomes indispensable, especially given the long-term biocompatibility risks like oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be aggravated by recurrent surgeries, including battery replacements. This review delves into a comprehensive analysis, starting with biocompatibility considerations for both energy storage units and transfer methods. The review focuses on four main mechanisms for powering neural implants: Electromagnetic, Acoustic, Optical, and Direct Connection to the Body. Among these, Electromagnetic Methods include techniques such as Near-Field Communication (RF). Acoustic methods using high-frequency ultrasound offer advantages in power transmission efficiency and multi-node interrogation capabilities. Optical methods, although still in early development, show promising energy transmission efficiencies using Near-Infrared (NIR) light while avoiding electromagnetic interference. Direct connections, while efficient, pose substantial safety risks, including infection and micromotion disturbances within neural tissue. The review employs key metrics such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and energy transfer efficiency for a nuanced evaluation of these methods. It also discusses recent innovations like the Sectored-Multi Ring Ultrasonic Transducer (S-MRUT), Stentrode, and Neural Dust. Ultimately, this review aims to help researchers, clinicians, and engineers better understand the challenges of and potentially create new solutions for powering neural implants.
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3
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Yahya Alkhalaf H, Yazed Ahmad M, Ramiah H. Self-Sustainable Biomedical Devices Powered by RF Energy: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6371. [PMID: 36080825 PMCID: PMC9459858 DOI: 10.3390/s22176371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable medical devices (IMDs) have come a long way in the past few decades and have contributed to the development of many personalized health monitoring and therapeutic applications. Sustaining these devices with reliable and long-term power supply is still an ongoing challenge. This review discusses the challenges and milestones in energizing wearable and IMDs using the RF energy harvesting (RFEH) technique. The review highlights the main integrating frontend blocks such as the wearable and implantable antenna design, matching network, and rectifier topologies. The advantages and bottlenecks of adopting RFEH technology in wearable and IMDs are reviewed, along with the system elements and characteristics that enable these devices to operate in an optimized manner. The applications of RFEH in wearable and IMDs medical devices are elaborated in the final section of this review. This article summarizes the recent developments in RFEH, highlights the gaps, and explores future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Yazed Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Harikrishnan Ramiah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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4
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Choi YS, Jeong H, Yin RT, Avila R, Pfenniger A, Yoo J, Lee JY, Tzavelis A, Lee YJ, Chen SW, Knight HS, Kim S, Ahn HY, Wickerson G, Vázquez-Guardado A, Higbee-Dempsey E, Russo BA, Napolitano MA, Holleran TJ, Razzak LA, Miniovich AN, Lee G, Geist B, Kim B, Han S, Brennan JA, Aras K, Kwak SS, Kim J, Waters EA, Yang X, Burrell A, Chun KS, Liu C, Wu C, Rwei AY, Spann AN, Banks A, Johnson D, Zhang ZJ, Haney CR, Jin SH, Sahakian AV, Huang Y, Trachiotis GD, Knight BP, Arora RK, Efimov IR, Rogers JA. A transient, closed-loop network of wireless, body-integrated devices for autonomous electrotherapy. Science 2022; 376:1006-1012. [PMID: 35617386 PMCID: PMC9282941 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Temporary postoperative cardiac pacing requires devices with percutaneous leads and external wired power and control systems. This hardware introduces risks for infection, limitations on patient mobility, and requirements for surgical extraction procedures. Bioresorbable pacemakers mitigate some of these disadvantages, but they demand pairing with external, wired systems and secondary mechanisms for control. We present a transient closed-loop system that combines a time-synchronized, wireless network of skin-integrated devices with an advanced bioresorbable pacemaker to control cardiac rhythms, track cardiopulmonary status, provide multihaptic feedback, and enable transient operation with minimal patient burden. The result provides a range of autonomous, rate-adaptive cardiac pacing capabilities, as demonstrated in rat, canine, and human heart studies. This work establishes an engineering framework for closed-loop temporary electrotherapy using wirelessly linked, body-integrated bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sik Choi
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rose T. Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anna Pfenniger
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Yoo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jong Yoon Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Sibel Health, Niles, IL, 60714, USA
| | - Andreas Tzavelis
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Young Joong Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sheena W. Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Helen S. Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Seungyeob Kim
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Young Ahn
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Grace Wickerson
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Abraham Vázquez-Guardado
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Bender A. Russo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Michael A. Napolitano
- Department of General Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Timothy J. Holleran
- Department of General Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Leen Abdul Razzak
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alana N. Miniovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Geumbee Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Beth Geist
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Shuling Han
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jaclyn A. Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Kedar Aras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sung Soo Kwak
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Current Address: Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Emily Alexandria Waters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiangxing Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tx, 78712, USA
| | - Amy Burrell
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Keum San Chun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tx, 78712, USA
| | - Claire Liu
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alina Y. Rwei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Alisha N. Spann
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anthony Banks
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David Johnson
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zheng Jenny Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chad R. Haney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sung Hun Jin
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Alan Varteres Sahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Gregory D. Trachiotis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Bradley P. Knight
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rishi K. Arora
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Igor R. Efimov
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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5
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A performance predictor of beamforming versus time-reversal based far-field wireless power transfer from linear array. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22743. [PMID: 34815489 PMCID: PMC8611060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) in a complex propagation environment, a time-reversal (TR) based WPT that can overcome the drawbacks of conventional beamforming (BF) by taking advantage of multipath has been recently proposed. However, due to the WPT performance of BF and TR depending on the complexity of the propagation environment, the performance prediction between BF versus TR would be required. We present a detailed and generalized analysis of the recently proposed performance metric referred to as the peak received power ratio (PRPR) for linear array-based WPT. Here, the effectiveness of PRPR is verified via measurement for free space and indoor scenarios. The results demonstrate that PRPR is directly related to the complexity of the propagation environment and the corresponding power transmission capability of BF and TR. That is, the higher the complexity, the greater the value of PRPR and TR outperforms BF with higher peak power given the same average transmit power and vice versa. The mode decision between BF and TR based on PRPR potentially promises efficient far-field WPT even in a dynamic propagation environment.
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6
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Choi YS, Yin RT, Pfenniger A, Koo J, Avila R, Benjamin Lee K, Chen SW, Lee G, Li G, Qiao Y, Murillo-Berlioz A, Kiss A, Han S, Lee SM, Li C, Xie Z, Chen YY, Burrell A, Geist B, Jeong H, Kim J, Yoon HJ, Banks A, Kang SK, Zhang ZJ, Haney CR, Sahakian AV, Johnson D, Efimova T, Huang Y, Trachiotis GD, Knight BP, Arora RK, Efimov IR, Rogers JA. Fully implantable and bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:1228-1238. [PMID: 34183859 PMCID: PMC9270064 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Temporary cardiac pacemakers used in periods of need during surgical recovery involve percutaneous leads and externalized hardware that carry risks of infection, constrain patient mobility and may damage the heart during lead removal. Here we report a leadless, battery-free, fully implantable cardiac pacemaker for postoperative control of cardiac rate and rhythm that undergoes complete dissolution and clearance by natural biological processes after a defined operating timeframe. We show that these devices provide effective pacing of hearts of various sizes in mouse, rat, rabbit, canine and human cardiac models, with tailored geometries and operation timescales, powered by wireless energy transfer. This approach overcomes key disadvantages of traditional temporary pacing devices and may serve as the basis for the next generation of postoperative temporary pacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sik Choi
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rose T Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Pfenniger
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jahyun Koo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - K Benjamin Lee
- Department of Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sheena W Chen
- Department of Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Geumbee Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yun Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alexi Kiss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shuling Han
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Chenhang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Yu Chen
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amy Burrell
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Beth Geist
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joohee Kim
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hong-Joon Yoon
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Anthony Banks
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zheng Jenny Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chad R Haney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alan Varteres Sahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David Johnson
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tatiana Efimova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory D Trachiotis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bradley P Knight
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rishi K Arora
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Turner BL, Senevirathne S, Kilgour K, McArt D, Biggs M, Menegatti S, Daniele MA. Ultrasound-Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100986. [PMID: 34235886 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-powered implants (UPIs) represent cutting edge power sources for implantable medical devices (IMDs), as their powering strategy allows for extended functional lifetime, decreased size, increased implant depth, and improved biocompatibility. IMDs are limited by their reliance on batteries. While batteries proved a stable power supply, batteries feature relatively large sizes, limited life spans, and toxic material compositions. Accordingly, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) strategies are attracting increasing attention by researchers as alternative reliable power sources. Piezoelectric energy scavenging has shown promise for low power applications. However, energy scavenging devices need be located near sources of movement, and the power stream may suffer from occasional interruptions. WPT overcomes such challenges by more stable, on-demand power to IMDs. Among the various forms of WPT, ultrasound powering offers distinct advantages such as low tissue-mediated attenuation, a higher approved safe dose (720 mW cm-2 ), and improved efficiency at smaller device sizes. This study presents and discusses the state-of-the-art in UPIs by reviewing piezoelectric materials and harvesting devices including lead-based inorganic, lead-free inorganic, and organic polymers. A comparative discussion is also presented of the functional material properties, architecture, and performance metrics, together with an overview of the applications where UPIs are being deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Seedevi Senevirathne
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University 97 Lisburn Rd Belfast BT9 7AE UK
| | - Katie Kilgour
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Darragh McArt
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University 97 Lisburn Rd Belfast BT9 7AE UK
| | - Manus Biggs
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices National University of Ireland Newcastle Road Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Michael A. Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University 890 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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8
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Model-Based Systems Engineering Applied to Trade-Off Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Implanted Biomedical Microdevices. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093201. [PMID: 34063000 PMCID: PMC8124370 DOI: 10.3390/s21093201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is an important part of human life and particularly in any engineering process related to a complex product. New sensors and actuators based on MEMS technologies are increasingly complex and quickly evolving into products. New biomedical implanted devices may benefit from system engineering approaches, previously reserved to very large projects, and it is expected that this need will increase in the future. Here, we propose the application of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to systematize and optimize the trade-off analysis process. The criteria, their utility functions and the weighting factors are applied in a systematic way for the selection of the best alternative. Combining trade-off with MBSE allow us to identify the more suitable technology to be implemented to transfer energy to an implanted biomedical micro device.
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9
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Choi YS, Hsueh YY, Koo J, Yang Q, Avila R, Hu B, Xie Z, Lee G, Ning Z, Liu C, Xu Y, Lee YJ, Zhao W, Fang J, Deng Y, Lee SM, Vázquez-Guardado A, Stepien I, Yan Y, Song JW, Haney C, Oh YS, Liu W, Yoon HJ, Banks A, MacEwan MR, Ameer GA, Ray WZ, Huang Y, Xie T, Franz CK, Li S, Rogers JA. Stretchable, dynamic covalent polymers for soft, long-lived bioresorbable electronic stimulators designed to facilitate neuromuscular regeneration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5990. [PMID: 33239608 PMCID: PMC7688647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioresorbable electronic stimulators are of rapidly growing interest as unusual therapeutic platforms, i.e., bioelectronic medicines, for treating disease states, accelerating wound healing processes and eliminating infections. Here, we present advanced materials that support operation in these systems over clinically relevant timeframes, ultimately bioresorbing harmlessly to benign products without residues, to eliminate the need for surgical extraction. Our findings overcome key challenges of bioresorbable electronic devices by realizing lifetimes that match clinical needs. The devices exploit a bioresorbable dynamic covalent polymer that facilitates tight bonding to itself and other surfaces, as a soft, elastic substrate and encapsulation coating for wireless electronic components. We describe the underlying features and chemical design considerations for this polymer, and the biocompatibility of its constituent materials. In devices with optimized, wireless designs, these polymers enable stable, long-lived operation as distal stimulators in a rat model of peripheral nerve injuries, thereby demonstrating the potential of programmable long-term electrical stimulation for maintaining muscle receptivity and enhancing functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sik Choi
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
- International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
| | - Jahyun Koo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Quansan Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Buwei Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian, University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
- International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Geumbee Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zheng Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Claire Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Young Joong Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Weikang Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yujun Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Abraham Vázquez-Guardado
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Iwona Stepien
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Chemistry Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph W Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad Haney
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Suk Oh
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wentai Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hong-Joon Yoon
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anthony Banks
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew R MacEwan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Wilson Z Ray
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Colin K Franz
- Regenerative Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Biologics, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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De Santis M, Cacciotti I. Wireless implantable and biodegradable sensors for postsurgery monitoring: current status and future perspectives. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:252001. [PMID: 32101794 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7a2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In in vivo postsurgery monitoring, the use of wireless biodegradable implantable sensors has gained and is gaining a lot of interest, particularly in cases of monitoring for a short period of time. The employment of biodegradable materials allows the circumvention of secondary surgery for device removal. Additionally, the use of wireless communication for data elaboration avoids the need for transcutaneous wires. As such, it is possible to prevent possible inflammation and infections associated with long-term implants which are not wireless. It is expected that microfabricated biodegradable sensors will have a strong impact in acute or transient biomedical applications. However, the design of such high-performing electronic systems, both fully biodegradable and wireless, is very complex, particularly at small scales. The associated technologies are still in their infancy and should be more deeply and extensively investigated in animal models and, successively, in humans, before being clinically implemented. In this context, the present review aims to provide a complete overview of wireless biodegradable implantable sensors, covering the vital signs to be monitored, the wireless technologies involved, and the biodegradable materials used for the production of the devices, as well as designed devices and their applications. In particular, both their advantages and drawbacks are highlighted, and the key challenges faced, mainly associated with fabrication techniques, and control over degradation kinetics and biocompatibility of the device, are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Santis
- University of Rome 'Niccolò Cusano', Engineering Department, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Alam M, Li S, Ahmed RU, Yam YM, Thakur S, Wang XY, Tang D, Ng S, Zheng YP. Development of a battery-free ultrasonically powered functional electrical stimulator for movement restoration after paralyzing spinal cord injury. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:36. [PMID: 30850027 PMCID: PMC6408863 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used to restore movements in paretic limbs after severe paralyses resulting from neurological injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI). Most chronic FES systems utilize an implantable electrical stimulator to deliver a small electric current to the targeted muscle or nerve to stimulate muscle contractions. These implanted stimulators are generally bulky, mainly due to the size of the batteries. Furthermore, these battery-powered stimulators are required to be explanted every few years for battery replacement which may result in surgical failures or infections. Hence, a wireless power transfer technique is desirable to power these implantable stimulators. METHODS Conventional wireless power transduction faces significant challenges for safe and efficient energy transfer through the skin and deep into the body. Inductive and electromagnetic power transduction is generally used for very short distances and may also interfere with other medical measurements such as X-ray and MRI. To address these issues, we have developed a wireless, ultrasonically powered, implantable piezoelectric stimulator. The stimulator is encapsulated with biocompatible materials. RESULTS The stimulator is capable of harvesting a maximum of 5.95 mW electric power at an 8-mm depth under the skin from an ultrasound beam with about 380 mW/cm2 of acoustic intensity. The stimulator was implanted in several paraplegic rats with SCI. Our implanted stimulator successfully induced several hindlimb muscle contractions and restored leg movement. CONCLUSIONS A battery-free miniature (10 mm diameter × 4 mm thickness) implantable stimulator, developed in the current study is capable of directly stimulating paretic muscles through external ultrasound signals. The required cost to develop the stimulator is relatively low as all the components are off the shelf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monzurul Alam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rakib Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat Man Yam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suman Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028 India
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Serena Ng
- Community Rehabilitation Service Support Centre, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Mendes PM. Editorial for the Special Issue on Wireless Microdevices and Systems for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E112. [PMID: 30424046 PMCID: PMC6187373 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wireless microdevices are getting smaller and smaller, and in this special issue seven papers address a few miniaturization challenges in the biomedical field, which are common across different applications. Kargaran et al. [1] proposes a new ultra-low-voltage ultra-low-power LNA, where the reduced current consumption of only 160 μA, on a supply as low as 0.18 V, has potential to enable future RF receivers for ultra-low-power implantable devices [...].
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Frequency Splitting Elimination and Cross-Coupling Rejection of Wireless Power Transfer to Multiple Dynamic Receivers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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