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Orhan F, Schwieler L, Engberg G, Samuelsson M. Kynurenine Metabolites in CSF and Plasma in Healthy Males. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241245323. [PMID: 38665132 PMCID: PMC11044574 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241245323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, kynurenine metabolites generated by tryptophan catabolism have gained increasing attention in the context of brain diseases. The question of importance is whether there is a relationship between peripheral and central levels of these metabolites. Some of these compounds do not cross the blood-brain barrier; in particular, kynurenic acid, and most analyses of kynurenines from psychiatric patients have been performed using plasma samples. In the present study, we recruited 30 healthy volunteers with no history of psychiatric or neurological diagnosis, to analyze tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid levels in CSF and plasma. In addition, kynurenic acid was analyzed in urine. The most important finding of this study is that CSF kynurenic acid levels do not correlate with those in plasma or urine. However, we found a correlation between plasma kynurenine and CSF kynurenic acid. Further, plasma kynurenine and plasma quinolinic acid were correlated. Our findings clarify the distribution of tryptophan and its metabolites in various body compartments and may serve as a guide for the analysis of these metabolites in humans. The most significant finding of the present study is that a prediction of brain kynurenic acid by of the analysis of the compound in plasma cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Orhan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Samuelsson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
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Parfut A, Laugel E, Baer S, Gonzalez G, Hansmann Y, Wendling MJ, Fafi-Kremer S, Velay A. Tick-borne encephalitis in pediatrics: An often overlooked diagnosis. Infect Dis Now 2023; 53:104645. [PMID: 36642097 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vector-borne disease caused by a flavivirus, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and transmitted by the bite of infected Ixodes ricinus ticks. The European subtype (TBEV-Eu) is endemic in 27 European countries. During the last decade, increased TBE incidence was observed in many countries, including some of those believed to be of low endemicity/devoid of TBEV circulation. However, data dealing with TBE in children are far less profuse than with adults. Historically, children are known to have mild TBEV infection with favorable outcomes. That said, recent case reports and observational studies on pediatric cohorts have challenged this point of view. Like adults, children may present severe forms and fail to completely recover following TBE infection, at times leading to long-term cognitive impairment. In this review, we comprehensively describe the incidence, exposure factors, and transmission routes of TBEV in children, as well as the clinical and biological manifestations of TBE and imaging findings in this population. We also harness new data on long-term outcomes and sequelae in pediatric cohorts. Finally, we provide an overview of vaccination recommendations for children in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assilina Parfut
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Elodie Laugel
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France; INSERM, UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Baer
- CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Pédiatrie Spécialisée et Générale, Unité de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yves Hansmann
- CHU de Strasbourg, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Josée Wendling
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France; INSERM, UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Velay
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France; INSERM, UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Egyed L, Nagy A, Lakos A, Zöldi V, Lang Z. Tick-borne encephalitis epidemic in Hungary 1951-2021: The story and lessons learned. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:81-92. [PMID: 36205381 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The authors analysed epidemiological data of the Hungarian tick-borne encephalitis epidemic from the past seven decades. A total of 911 meningitis serosa cases were described from 1930-1950 s by local hospital physicians, indicating that the virus had been present in the country decades before its official identification in 1952. The virus spread freely in the 1950s-1960s, occupying almost all habitats where ticks occurred in large numbers. The increasing number of cases drove authorities to classify this illness as a notifiable disease in 1977 and to organize the first measures to stop the epidemic. Statistical analysis revealed that the large-scale vaccination launched from the 1990s was responsible for the sharp decrease in the number of human cases from 1997. A significant negative correlation was found between the number of vaccine doses sold and human cases 6 years later. The TBEV endemic area covers 16.57% of the territory and 16.65% of the population of the country. In the last 10 years, 186,000 vaccine doses/year in average were enough to keep the incidence of human TBEV infections between 0.45 and 0.06/100,000 persons. A 20-year-long study found evidence for easing clinical signs in TBEV-infected hospitalized patients. Statistics found a sharp decrease in the number of samples sent for TBEV diagnosis after 1989. Male dominance of patients was characteristic of the epidemics since the 1940s, but now analysis of detailed data from the 1981-2021 period (60.5%-87.5%) proved the statistical significance of this dominance. Obviously, the voluntary vaccination programme was the tool which broke the spread of the epidemic. Widespread public awareness of the disease and the tick vector, probable evolutionary spread of less pathogenic virus strains supplemented with the vaccination campaign led to a negligible level of human TBE cases in Hungary in the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Egyed
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Nagy
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Lakos
- Centre for Tick-borne Diseases, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Zöldi
- Department of Pest Control, National Centre for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lang
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Courtier A, Potheret D, Giannoni P. Environmental bacteria as triggers to brain disease: Possible mechanisms of toxicity and associated human risk. Life Sci 2022; 304:120689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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