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Amrane D, Primas N, Arnold CS, Hutter S, Louis B, Sanz-Serrano J, Azqueta A, Amanzougaghene N, Tajeri S, Mazier D, Verhaeghe P, Azas N, Botté C, Vanelle P. Antiplasmodial 2-thiophenoxy-3-trichloromethyl quinoxalines target the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113722. [PMID: 34364164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a plant-like Achille's Heel relict, i.e. the apicoplast, that is essential for Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria lead to an attractive drug target for new antimalarials with original mechanism of action. Although it is not photosynthetic, the apicoplast retains several anabolic pathways that are indispensable for the parasite. Based on previously identified antiplasmodial hit-molecules belonging to the 2-trichloromethylquinazoline and 3-trichloromethylquinoxaline series, we report herein an antiplasmodial Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) study at position two of the quinoxaline ring of 16 newly synthesized compounds. Evaluation of their activity toward the multi-resistant K1 Plasmodium falciparum strain and cytotoxicity on the human hepatocyte HepG2 cell line revealed a hit compound (3k) with a PfK1 EC50 value of 0.3 μM and a HepG2 CC50 value of 56.0 μM (selectivity index = 175). Moreover, hit-compound 3k was not cytotoxic on VERO or CHO cell lines and was not genotoxic in the in vitro comet assay. Activity cliffs were observed when the trichloromethyl group was replaced by CH3, CF3 or H, showing that this group played a key role in the antiplasmodial activity. Biological investigations performed to determine the target and mechanism of action of the compound 3k strongly suggest that the apicoplast is the putative target as showed by severe alteration of apicoplaste biogenesis and delayed death response. Considering that there are very few molecules that affect the Plasmodium apicoplast, our work provides, for the first time, evidence of the biological target of trichloromethylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyhia Amrane
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France; APHM, Hôpital Conception, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, IRD, SSA, Mycology & Tropical Eucaryotic Pathogens, 13005, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Béatrice Louis
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Julen Sanz-Serrano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, CP 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, CP 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France; CHU de Toulouse, Service Pharmacie, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, IRD, SSA, Mycology & Tropical Eucaryotic Pathogens, 13005, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Cyrille Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France.
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France; APHM, Hôpital Conception, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Amrane D, Arnold CS, Hutter S, Sanz-Serrano J, Collia M, Azqueta A, Paloque L, Cohen A, Amanzougaghene N, Tajeri S, Franetich JF, Mazier D, Benoit-Vical F, Verhaeghe P, Azas N, Vanelle P, Botté C, Primas N. 2-Phenoxy-3-Trichloromethylquinoxalines Are Antiplasmodial Derivatives with Activity against the Apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080724. [PMID: 34451821 PMCID: PMC8400257 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite harbors a relict plastid called the apicoplast. Although not photosynthetic, the apicoplast retains unusual, non-mammalian metabolic pathways that are essential to the parasite, opening up a new perspective for the development of novel antimalarials which display a new mechanism of action. Based on the previous antiplasmodial hit-molecules identified in the 2-trichloromethylquinoxaline series, we report herein a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study at position two of the quinoxaline ring by synthesizing 20 new compounds. The biological evaluation highlighted a hit compound (3i) with a potent PfK1 EC50 value of 0.2 µM and a HepG2 CC50 value of 32 µM (Selectivity index = 160). Nitro-containing (3i) was not genotoxic, both in the Ames test and in vitro comet assay. Activity cliffs were observed when the 2-CCl3 group was replaced, showing that it played a key role in the antiplasmodial activity. Investigation of the mechanism of action showed that 3i presents a drug response by targeting the apicoplast and a quick-killing mechanism acting on another target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyhia Amrane
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | | | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, IRD, SSA, Mycology & Tropical Eucaryotic Pathogens, CEDEX 05, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (A.C.); (N.A.)
| | - Julen Sanz-Serrano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (M.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Miguel Collia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (M.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (M.C.); (A.A.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR8241, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (L.P.); (F.B.-V.); (P.V.)
- MAAP, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Anita Cohen
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, IRD, SSA, Mycology & Tropical Eucaryotic Pathogens, CEDEX 05, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (A.C.); (N.A.)
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.T.); (J.-F.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.T.); (J.-F.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.T.); (J.-F.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.T.); (J.-F.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR8241, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (L.P.); (F.B.-V.); (P.V.)
- MAAP, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR8241, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (L.P.); (F.B.-V.); (P.V.)
- CHU de Toulouse, Service Pharmacie, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, CEDEX 9, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, IRD, SSA, Mycology & Tropical Eucaryotic Pathogens, CEDEX 05, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (A.C.); (N.A.)
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- APHM, Hôpital Conception, Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Cyrille Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France;
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- APHM, Hôpital Conception, Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
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Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Evaluation of 4-Carboxamido- and 4-Alkoxy-2-Trichloromethyl Quinazolines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173929. [PMID: 32867402 PMCID: PMC7504092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From three previously identified antiplasmodial hit compounds (A–C) and inactive series (D), all based on a 2-trichloromethylquinazoline scaffold, we conducted a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study at position four of the quinazoline ring by synthesizing 42 novel derivatives bearing either a carboxamido- or an alkoxy-group, to identify antiplasmodial compounds and to enrich the knowledge about the 2-trichloromethylquinazoline antiplasmodial pharmacophore. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity towards the HepG2 cell line and their activity against the multiresistant K1 P. falciparum strain, using doxorubicin, chloroquine and doxycycline as reference drugs. Four hit-compounds (EC50 K1 P. falciparum ≤ 2 µM and SI ≥ 20) were identified among 4-carboxamido derivatives (2, 9, 16, and 24) and two among 4-alkoxy derivatives (41 and 44). Regarding the two most potent molecules (16 and 41), five derivatives without a 2-CCl3 group were prepared, evaluated, and appeared totally inactive (EC50 > 50 µM), showing that the 2-trichloromethyl group was mandatory for the antiplasmodial activity.
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Ugwuja DI, Okoro UC, Soman SS, Soni R, Okafor SN, Ugwu DI. New peptide derived antimalaria and antimicrobial agents bearing sulphonamide moiety. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1388-1399. [PMID: 31392901 PMCID: PMC6713104 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1651313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen novel dipeptide carboxamide derivatives bearing benzensulphonamoyl propanamide were synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and MS spectroscopic techniques. In vivo antimalarial and in vitro antimicrobial studies were carried out on these synthesized compounds. Molecular docking, haematological analysis, liver and kidney function tests were also evaluated to assess the effect of the compounds on the organs. At 200 mg/kg body weight, 7i inhibited the multiplication of the parasite by 81.38% on day 12 of post-treatment exposure. This was comparable to the 82.34% reduction with artemisinin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in µM ranged from 0.03 to 2.34 with 7h having MIC of 0.03 µM against Plasmodium falciparium. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the compounds against some clinically isolated bacteria strains showed varied activities with some of the new compounds showing better activities against the bacteria and the fungi more than the reference drug ciprofloxacin and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. I. Ugwuja
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria
| | - U. C. Okoro
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - S. S. Soman
- Department of Chemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - R. Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - S. N. Okafor
- Department of Chemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - D. I. Ugwu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Desroches J, Kieffer C, Primas N, Hutter S, Gellis A, El-Kashef H, Rathelot P, Verhaeghe P, Azas N, Vanelle P. Discovery of new hit-molecules targeting Plasmodium falciparum through a global SAR study of the 4-substituted-2-trichloromethylquinazoline antiplasmodial scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:68-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Nicoleti NH, Batagin-Neto A, Lavarda FC. Electronic descriptors for the antimalarial activity of sulfonamides. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gellis A, Primas N, Hutter S, Lanzada G, Remusat V, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P, Azas N. Looking for new antiplasmodial quinazolines: DMAP-catalyzed synthesis of 4-benzyloxy- and 4-aryloxy-2-trichloromethylquinazolines and their in vitro evaluation toward Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:34-44. [PMID: 27155463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A DMAP catalyzed synthesis of new 4-benzyloxy- and 4-aryloxy-2-trichloromethylquinazolines was studied, in a view to react 4-chloroquinazolines with poorly nucleophilic alcohols such as benzylic alcohols, via a simple and cheap SNAr reaction approach. A fast (1 h) general operating procedure, affording good reaction yields, was achieved under microwave irradiation. Thus, a series of 35 molecules was obtained and evaluated in vitro on the K1 multi-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, in parallel with a cytotoxicity assessment on the human HepG2 cell line. 5 hit-molecules were identified, presenting both promising antiplasmodial activity (1.5 μM < IC50 < 2 μM) and low cytotoxicities (25 μM < CC50 < 45 μM). Apart for 2 molecules, the global series displayed a satisfying solubility in the aqueous biological media. Structure-activity relationships showed that the molecules presenting a benzyloxy moiety were less cytotoxic than the ones bearing a phenoxy moiety at position 4 of the quinazoline ring. It also appeared that the introduction of a heteroaryl moiety afforded inactive compounds. Finally, the most active and selective molecules (Selectivity Index = 22-27) were the ones presenting either an unsubstituted benzyloxy group or a phenoxy group, this last bearing a p-bromo or an o-acetyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Gellis
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR MD 3, Infections Parasitaires, Transmission et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Gilles Lanzada
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Vincent Remusat
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques - CNRS UPR 8241, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France.
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR MD 3, Infections Parasitaires, Transmission et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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Gellis A, Kieffer C, Primas N, Lanzada G, Giorgi M, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P. A new DMAP-catalyzed and microwave-assisted approach for introducing heteroarylamino substituents at position-4 of the quinazoline ring. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Primas N, Suzanne P, Verhaeghe P, Hutter S, Kieffer C, Laget M, Cohen A, Broggi J, Lancelot JC, Lesnard A, Dallemagne P, Rathelot P, Rault S, Vanelle P, Azas N. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 4-trichloromethylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines as new antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction in 4-chloro-2-trichloromethylquinazoline series is possible despite a side dimerization reaction. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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