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Choudhury SD, Kumar P, Choudhury D. Bioactive nutraceuticals as G4 stabilizers: potential cancer prevention and therapy-a critical review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02857-z. [PMID: 38019298 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4) are non-canonical, four-stranded, nucleic acid secondary structures formed in the guanine-rich sequences, where guanine nucleotides associate with each other via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding. These structures are widely found near the functional regions of the mammalian genome, such as telomeres, oncogenic promoters, and replication origins, and play crucial regulatory roles in replication and transcription. Destabilization of G4 by various carcinogenic agents allows oncogene overexpression and extension of telomeric ends resulting in dysregulation of cellular growth-promoting oncogenesis. Therefore, targeting and stabilizing these G4 structures with potential ligands could aid cancer prevention and therapy. The field of G-quadruplex targeting is relatively nascent, although many articles have demonstrated the effect of G4 stabilization on oncogenic expressions; however, no previous study has provided a comprehensive analysis about the potency of a wide variety of nutraceuticals and some of their derivatives in targeting G4 and the lattice of oncogenic cell signaling cascade affected by them. In this review, we have discussed bioactive G4-stabilizing nutraceuticals, their sources, mode of action, and their influence on cellular signaling, and we believe our insight would bring new light to the current status of the field and motivate researchers to explore this relatively poorly studied arena. Schematic diagram depicting nutraceuticals' role in attenuating cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satabdi Datta Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
- Centre for Excellence in Emerging Materials, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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2
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Moura NMM, Cavaleiro JAS, Neves MGPMS, Ramos CIV. opp-Dibenzoporphyrin Pyridinium Derivatives as Potential G-Quadruplex DNA Ligands. Molecules 2023; 28:6318. [PMID: 37687146 PMCID: PMC10489911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the occurrence of tumours is closely associated with the telomerase function and oncogene expression, the structure of such enzymes and genes are being recognized as targets for new anticancer drugs. The efficacy of several ligands in telomerase inhibition and in the regulation of genes expression, by an effective stabilisation of G-quadruplexes (G4) DNA structures, is being considered as a promising strategy in cancer therapies. When evaluating the potential of a ligand for telomerase inhibition, the selectivity towards quadruplex versus duplex DNA is a fundamental attribute due to the large amount of double-stranded DNA in the cellular nucleus. This study reports the evaluated efficacy of three tetracationic opp-dibenzoporphyrins, a free base, and the corresponding zinc(II) and nickel(II) complexes, to stabilise G4 structures, namely the telomeric DNA sequence (AG3(T2AG3)3). In order to evaluate the selectivity of these ligands towards G4 structures, their interaction towards DNA calf thymus, as a double-strand DNA sequence, were also studied. The data obtained by using different spectroscopic techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism, suggested good affinity of the free-base porphyrin and of its zinc(II) complex for the considered DNA structures, both showing a pattern of selectivity for the telomeric G4 structure. A pattern of aggregation in aqueous solution was detected for both Zn(II) and Ni(II) metallo dibenzoporphyrins and the ability of DNA sequences to induce ligand disaggregation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.A.S.C.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | | | | | - Catarina I. V. Ramos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.A.S.C.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
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Annan A, Raiss N, Elmir EH, Filali-Maltouf A, Medraoui L, Oumzil H. Revolutionizing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS: A computational approach using molecular docking, virtual screening, and 3D pharmacophore building to address therapeutic failure and propose highly effective candidates. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2023; 37:3946320231207514. [PMID: 37850462 PMCID: PMC10585989 DOI: 10.1177/03946320231207514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment, the emergence of therapeutic failures with existing antiretroviral drugs presents a significant challenge. This study aims to employ advanced molecular modeling techniques to identify potential alternatives to current antiretroviral agents. METHODS The study focuses on three essential classes of antiretroviral drugs: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs). Computational analyses were performed on a database of 3,343,652 chemical molecules to evaluate their binding affinities, pharmacokinetic properties, and interactions with viral reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes. Molecular docking, virtual screening, and 3D pharmacophore modeling were utilized to identify promising candidates. RESULTS Molecular docking revealed compounds with high binding energies and strong interactions at the active sites of target enzymes. Virtual screening narrowed down potential candidates with favorable pharmacological profiles. 3D pharmacophore modeling identified crucial structural features for effective binding. Overall, two molecules for class 1, 7 molecules for class 2, and 2 molecules for class 3 were selected. These compounds exhibited robust binding affinities, interactions with target enzymes, and improved pharmacokinetic properties, showing promise for more effective HIV treatments in cases of therapeutic failures. CONCLUSION The combination of molecular docking, virtual screening, and 3D pharmacophore modeling yielded lead compounds that hold potential for addressing HIV therapeutic failures. Further experimental investigations are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of these compounds, with the ultimate goal of advancing toward clinical applications in HIV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzeddine Annan
- Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV, Virology Department, Institute National of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Raiss
- Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV, Virology Department, Institute National of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Harti Elmir
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV, Virology Department, Institute National of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
- Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Leila Medraoui
- Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Oumzil
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV, Virology Department, Institute National of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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4
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Ribaudo G, Ongaro A, Oselladore E, Memo M, Gianoncelli A. Combining Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Computational Techniques in the Assessment of G-Quadruplex Ligands: A Hybrid Approach to Optimize Hit Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13174-13190. [PMID: 34510895 PMCID: PMC8474113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Guanine-rich sequences
forming G-quadruplexes (GQs) are present
in several genomes, ranging from viral to human. Given their peculiar
localization, the induction of GQ formation or GQ stabilization with
small molecules represents a strategy for interfering with crucial
biological functions. Investigating the recognition event at the molecular
level, with the aim of fully understanding the triggered pharmacological
effects, is challenging. Native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
(ESI-MS) is being optimized to study these noncovalent assemblies.
Quantitative parameters retrieved from ESI-MS studies, such as binding
affinity, the equilibrium binding constant, and sequence selectivity,
will be overviewed. Computational experiments supporting the ESI-MS
investigation and boosting its efficiency in the search for GQ ligands
will also be discussed with practical examples. The combination of
ESI-MS and in silico techniques in a hybrid high-throughput-screening
workflow represents a valuable tool for the medicinal chemist, providing
data on the quantitative and structural aspects of ligand–GQ
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Oselladore
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Amir M, Khan P, Queen A, Dohare R, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan I. Structural Features of Nucleoprotein CST/Shelterin Complex Involved in the Telomere Maintenance and Its Association with Disease Mutations. Cells 2020; 9:E359. [PMID: 32033110 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere comprises the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes and is composed of G-rich (TTAGGG) tandem repeats which play an important role in maintaining genome stability, premature aging and onsets of many diseases. Majority of the telomere are replicated by conventional DNA replication, and only the last bit of the lagging strand is synthesized by telomerase (a reverse transcriptase). In addition to replication, telomere maintenance is principally carried out by two key complexes known as shelterin (TRF1, TRF2, TIN2, RAP1, POT1, and TPP1) and CST (CDC13/CTC1, STN1, and TEN1). Shelterin protects the telomere from DNA damage response (DDR) and regulates telomere length by telomerase; while, CST govern the extension of telomere by telomerase and C strand fill-in synthesis. We have investigated both structural and biochemical features of shelterin and CST complexes to get a clear understanding of their importance in the telomere maintenance. Further, we have analyzed ~115 clinically important mutations in both of the complexes. Association of such mutations with specific cellular fault unveils the importance of shelterin and CST complexes in the maintenance of genome stability. A possibility of targeting shelterin and CST by small molecule inhibitors is further investigated towards the therapeutic management of associated diseases. Overall, this review provides a possible direction to understand the mechanisms of telomere borne diseases, and their therapeutic intervention.
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Forni C, Facchiano F, Bartoli M, Pieretti S, Facchiano A, D'Arcangelo D, Norelli S, Valle G, Nisini R, Beninati S, Tabolacci C, Jadeja RN. Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:8748253. [PMID: 31080832 PMCID: PMC6475554 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8748253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is related to a number of functional and morphological changes leading to progressive decline of the biological functions of an organism. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), released by several endogenous and exogenous processes, may cause important oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to important cellular dysfunctions. The imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses brings to oxidative stress conditions and, related to accumulation of ROS, aging-associated diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the most relevant data reported in literature on the natural compounds, mainly phytochemicals, with antioxidant activity and their potential protective effects on age-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and chronic inflammation, and possibly lower side effects, when compared to other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Forni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Norelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Ramos CIV, Almeida SP, Lourenço LMO, Pereira PMR, Fernandes R, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Carvalho J, Cruz C, Neves MGPMS. Multicharged Phthalocyanines as Selective Ligands for G-Quadruplex DNA Structures. Molecules 2019; 24:E733. [PMID: 30781675 PMCID: PMC6412362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The stabilization of G-Quadruplex DNA structures by ligands is a promising strategy for telomerase inhibition in cancer therapy since this enzyme is responsible for the unlimited proliferation of cancer cells. To assess the potential of a compound as a telomerase inhibitor, selectivity for quadruplex over duplex DNA is a fundamental attribute, as the drug must be able to recognize quadruplex DNA in the presence of a large amount of duplex DNA, in the cellular nucleus. By using different spectroscopic techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism, this work evaluates the potential of a series of multicharged phthalocyanines, bearing four or eight positive charges, as G-Quadruplex stabilizing ligands. This work led us to conclude that the existence of a balance between the number and position of the positive charges in the phthalocyanine structure is a fundamental attribute for its selectivity for G-Quadruplex structures over duplex DNA structures. Two of the studied phthalocyanines, one with four peripheral positive charges (ZnPc1) and the other with less exposed eight positive charges (ZnPc4) showed high selectivity and affinity for G-Quadruplex over duplex DNA structures and were able to accumulate in the nucleus of UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina I V Ramos
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Susana P Almeida
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Leandro M O Lourenço
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João P C Tomé
- CQE & Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, n1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Jayasooriya RGPT, Molagoda IMN, Park C, Jeong JW, Choi YH, Moon DO, Kim MO, Kim GY. Molecular chemotherapeutic potential of butein: A concise review. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:1-10. [PMID: 29258953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Butein is a biologically active flavonoid isolated from the bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes, which is known to have therapeutic potential against various cancers. Notably, butein inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Butein-induced G2/M phase arrest is associated with increased phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Chk1/2, and consequently, with reduced cdc25C levels. In addition, butein-induced apoptosis is mediated through the activation of caspase-3, which is associated with changes in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. Intriguingly, butein sensitizes cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis via ERK-mediated Sp1 activation, which promotes the transcription of specific death receptor 5. Butein also inhibits the migration and invasion of human cancer cells by suppressing nuclear factor-κB- and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2-mediated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Additionally, butein downregulates the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase and causes a concomitant decrease in telomerase activity. These findings provide the basis for the pharmaceutical development of butein. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of butein, with a special focus on its effects on different cellular signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajapaksha Gedara Prasad Tharanga Jayasooriya
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Rajarata, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 67340, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Oh Moon
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbuk-do 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wadood A, Mehmood A, Khan H, Ilyas M, Ahmad A, Alarjah M, Abu-Izneid T. Epitopes based drug design for dengue virus envelope protein: A computational approach. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 71:152-160. [PMID: 29096381 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) has emerged as a rapidly spreading epidemic throughout the tropical and subtropical regions around the globe. No suitable drug has been designed yet to fight against DENV, therefore, the need for safe and effective antiviral drug has become imperative. The envelope protein of DENV is responsible for mediating the fusion process between viral and host membranes. This work reports an in silico approach to target B and T cell epitopes for dengue envelope protein inhibition. A conserved region "QHGTI" in B and T cell epitopes of dengue envelope glycoprotein was confirmed to be valid for targeting by visualizing its interactions with the host cell membrane TIM-1 protein which acts as a receptor for serotype 2 and 3. A reverse pharmacophore mapping approach was used to generate a seven featured pharmacophore model on the basis of predicted epitope. This pharmacophore model as a 3D query was used to virtually screen a chemical compounds dataset "Chembridge". A total of 1010 compounds mapped on the developed pharmacophore model. These retrieved hits were subjected to filtering via Lipinski's rule of five, as a result 442 molecules were shortlisted for further assessment using molecular docking. Finally, 14 hits of different structural properties having interactions with the active site residues of dengue envelope glycoprotein were selected as lead candidates. These structurally diverse lead candidates have strong likelihood to act as further starting structures in the development of novel and potential drugs for the treatment of dengue fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan-23200, Pakistan.
| | - Aamir Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan-23200, Pakistan
| | - Huma Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan-23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan-23200, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Alarjah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Sillapapongwarakorn S, Yanarojana S, Pinthong D, Thithapandha A, Ungwitayatorn J, Supavilai P. Molecular docking based screening of triterpenoids as potential G-quadruplex stabilizing ligands with anti-cancer activity. Bioinformation 2017; 13:284-292. [PMID: 29081607 PMCID: PMC5651221 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (GLTs) exhibit a broad spectrum of anti-cancer properties, including anti-proliferative,
anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities. Current research studies revealed the role by GLTs in inducing apoptosis and
suppression of telomerase activity of cancer cells with much lower toxicity to healthy cells. Compounds selectively binding and
stabilizing G-quadruplex structures could inhibit the telomerase or downregulate the oncogenes and may act as anti-cancer agents.
Targeting human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA could be one of the mechanisms by which these GLTs exert anti-cancer activity. In this
study, 208 GLTs were screened for ligands with high binding affinity and selectively to stabilize the pG4DNA by using the docking
tool AutoDock4. The results showed that ganoderic acid A and ganoderic acid Df exhibit high binding affinity and selectively bind to
the lateral groove of pG4DNA. Based on our findings, we suggest that the triterpenoid represents a new class of G-quadruplex groove binding
ligands and thus act as potential anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somchai Yanarojana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Darawan Pinthong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Amnuay Thithapandha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ungwitayatorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Porntip Supavilai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Huateng Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jing Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- Faculty
of Light Industry, Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Haixiu Bai
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Medicine Technician College, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE),
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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12
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Kerkour A, Mergny JL, Salgado GF. NMR based model of human telomeric repeat G-quadruplex in complex with 2,4,6-triarylpyridine family ligand. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:1293-1302. [PMID: 28007578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4) are one of the several different forms of non-canonical DNA structures that can occur in our genome. Their existence is thought to be implicated in important biological functions such as positive and negative transcription regulation or telomeric extension. The human telomeric sequence G4 formed by repetitive nucleotide sequences (T2AG3) at each chromosome end is an important example of intramolecular G4. Knowing the atomic details for different families of ligands targeting G-quadruplex structures hypothetically found in the telomeric repeat it is an important step for rational drug design. Especially if the aim is to prevent or interfere with telomerase extending the 3' end of telomeres. In this study, we report the structure of the complex formed between the telomeric repeat sequence (d[AG3(T2AG3)3]) intramolecular G-quadruplex and the 2,4,6-Triarylpyridine compound. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Kerkour
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS/Inserm, Laboratoire ARNA, Institut Européen de Chimie et de Biologie (IECB), 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS/Inserm, Laboratoire ARNA, Institut Européen de Chimie et de Biologie (IECB), 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Gilmar F Salgado
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS/Inserm, Laboratoire ARNA, Institut Européen de Chimie et de Biologie (IECB), 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33607, Pessac, France.
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13
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Kiran KG, Thandeeswaran M, Ayub Nawaz KA, Easwaran M, Jayagopi KK, Ebrahimi L, Palaniswamy M, Mahendran R, Angayarkanni J. Quinazoline derivative from indigenous isolate, Nocardiopsis alba inhibits human telomerase enzyme. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1637-1652. [PMID: 27567126 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Aim of this study was isolation and screening of various secondary metabolites produced by indigenous isolates of soil Actinomycetes for human telomerase inhibitory activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Extracellular extract from culture suspension of various soil Actinomycetes species were tested for telomerase inhibitory activity. The organism which produced telomerase inhibitor was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The active fraction was purified by HPLC and analysed by GC-MS to identify the compound. In GC-MS analysis, the active principle was identified as 3-[4'-(2″-chlorophenyl)-2'-thiazolyl]-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro quinazoline. The G-quadruplex stabilizing ability of the compound was checked by molecular docking and simulation experiments with G-quadruplex model (PDB ID-1L1H). The selective binding ability of the compound with G-quadruplex over Dickerson-Drew dodecamer DNA structures showed that the compound possess high selectivity towards G-quadruplex. CONCLUSIONS Quinazoline derivative isolated from an indigenous strain of Nocardiopsis alba inhibited telomerase. Molecular docking and simulation studies predicted that this compound is a strong stabilizer of G-quadruplex conformation. It also showed a preferable binding to G-quadruplex DNA over normal DNA duplex. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This particular compound can be suggested as a suitable compound for developing a future anticancer drug. The selectivity towards G-quadruplex over normal DNA duplex gives a clue that it is likely to show lower cytotoxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kiran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Thandeeswaran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - K A Ayub Nawaz
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Easwaran
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - K K Jayagopi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - L Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Palaniswamy
- School of Life Science, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India
| | - R Mahendran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - J Angayarkanni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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14
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Costa G, Rocca R, Moraca F, Talarico C, Romeo I, Ortuso F, Alcaro S, Artese A. A Comparative Docking Strategy to Identify Polyphenolic Derivatives as Promising Antineoplastic Binders of G-quadruplex DNAc-mycandbcl-2Sequences. Mol Inform 2016; 35:391-402. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201501040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giosuè Costa
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
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15
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Castillo-González D, Mergny JL, De Rache A, Pérez-Machado G, Cabrera-Pérez MA, Nicolotti O, Introcaso A, Mangiatordi GF, Guédin A, Bourdoncle A, Garrigues T, Pallardó F, Cordeiro MNDS, Paz-y-Miño C, Tejera E, Borges F, Cruz-Monteagudo M. Harmonization of QSAR Best Practices and Molecular Docking Provides an Efficient Virtual Screening Tool for Discovering New G-Quadruplex Ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2094-110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daimel Castillo-González
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, University of Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
- ARNA Laboratory,
INSERM, U869, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, University of Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
- ARNA Laboratory,
INSERM, U869, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurore De Rache
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, University of Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
- ARNA Laboratory,
INSERM, U869, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gisselle Pérez-Machado
- Molecular Simulation and
Drug Design Group, Centro de Bioactivos Químicos (CBQ), Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara 54830, Cuba
- Department of Physiology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Cabrera-Pérez
- Molecular Simulation and
Drug Design Group, Centro de Bioactivos Químicos (CBQ), Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara 54830, Cuba
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Engineering, Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Technology, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro″, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonellina Introcaso
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro″, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Felice Mangiatordi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro″, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Aurore Guédin
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, University of Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
- ARNA Laboratory,
INSERM, U869, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Bourdoncle
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, University of Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
- ARNA Laboratory,
INSERM, U869, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Teresa Garrigues
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico Pallardó
- Department of Physiology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Cesar Paz-y-Miño
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Américas, 170513 Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Américas, 170513 Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | | | - Maykel Cruz-Monteagudo
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Américas, 170513 Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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16
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Abstract
This article provides a brief account of the recent reports on the fluorescence properties of some of the fluorogenic dyes towards G-quadruplex DNAs, which have been turned into promising bio-analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
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17
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Rocca R, Moraca F, Costa G, Alcaro S, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Ortuso F, Artese A, Parrotta L. Structure-based virtual screening of novel natural alkaloid derivatives as potential binders of h-telo and c-myc DNA G-quadruplex conformations. Molecules 2014; 20:206-23. [PMID: 25547724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several ligands can bind to the non-canonical G-quadruplex DNA structures thereby stabilizing them. These molecules can act as effective anticancer agents by stabilizing the telomeric regions of DNA or by regulating oncogene expression. In order to better interact with the quartets of G-quadruplex structures, G-binders are generally characterized by a large aromatic core involved in π-π stacking. Some natural flexible cyclic molecules from Traditional Chinese Medicine have shown high binding affinity with G-quadruplex, such as berbamine and many other alkaloids. Using the structural information available on G-quadruplex structures, we performed a high throughput in silico screening of commercially available alkaloid derivative databases by means of a structure-based approach based on docking and molecular dynamics simulations against the human telomeric sequence d[AG3(T2AG3)3] and the c-myc promoter structure. We identified 69 best hits reporting an improved theoretical binding affinity with respect to the active set. Among them, a berberine derivative, already known to remarkably inhibit telomerase activity, was related to a better theoretical affinity versusc-myc.
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18
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Kang HJ, Park HJ. In silico identification of novel ligands for G-quadruplex in the c-MYC promoter. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:339-48. [PMID: 25527072 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex DNA formed in NHEIII1 region of oncogene promoter inhibits transcription of the genes. In this study, virtual screening combining pharmacophore-based search and structure-based docking screening was conducted to discover ligands binding to G-quadruplex in promoter region of c-MYC. Several hit ligands showed the selective PCR-arresting effects for oligonucleotide containing c-MYC G-quadruplex forming sequence. Among them, three hits selectively inhibited cell proliferation and decreased c-MYC mRNA level in Ramos cells, where NHEIII1 is included in translocated c-MYC gene for overexpression. Promoter assay using two kinds of constructs with wild-type and mutant sequences showed that interaction of these ligands with the G-quadruplex resulted in turning-off of the reporter gene. In conclusion, combined virtual screening methods were successfully used for discovery of selective c-MYC promoter G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activity.
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19
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Parrotta L, Ortuso F, Moraca F, Rocca R, Costa G, Alcaro S, Artese A. Targeting unimolecular G-quadruplex nucleic acids: a new paradigm for the drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1167-87. [PMID: 25109710 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.941353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G-quadruplexes (G4s) are targets of great interest because of their roles in crucial biological processes, such as aging and cancer. G4s are based on the formation of G-quartets, stabilised by Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds and by interaction with cations between the tetrads. These biologically relevant conformations were first discovered in eukaryotic chromosomal telomeric DNA, but have also been found in the proximal location of promoters in a number of human genes. Therefore, the extensive analysis of an intriguing target could move towards the rational drug design of new selective anticancer agents. AREAS COVERED The authors review G4 structural characterisation, with detailed insight related to the polymorphism issue. The authors describe the topologically distinct G4 structural forms and the factors involved in their interconversion mechanisms, such as the sequence of the oligonucleotides, the strand stoichiometry and orientation, the syn-anti conformation of the guanine glycosidic bonds and the G4 loop types and the environmental factors. Furthermore, the authors report several studies related to folding and unfolding kinetic profiles in order to understand the conformational view of monomolecular G4 formations. EXPERT OPINION G4 unimolecular nucleic acids can be considered as valid targets for the rational drug development of novel anticancer agents. Structural biology represents an essential link between the biology and medicinal chemistry knowledge in this field. In silico methods have already been demonstrated to be useful, especially if well integrated with biophysical tests. If this proves successful, the G4-targeting paradigm could also be extended to drug discovery beyond neoplastic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Parrotta
- Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia", Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute , Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro , Italy
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20
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Ohnmacht SA, Neidle S. Small-molecule quadruplex-targeted drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2602-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Telomeres are areas of heterochromatin composed of TTAGGG repeats located at the ends of linear chromosomes. They play a critical role in keeping genome stable and preventing premature aging diseases and the development of cancer. Characterizing mechanisms of telomere maintenance and understanding how their deregulation contributes to human diseases are therefore important for developing novel therapies. A key mechanism driving telomere maintenance and replicative immortality in cancer cells is telomere elongation by telomerase, and many emerging potential telomere-based therapies have focused on targeting telomerase components. By contrast, recent studies on telomere maintenance mechanism suggest that disrupting telomere stability by interfering with alternative mechanisms of telomere synthesis or protection may also yield new strategies for the treatment of cancer. This review will focus on emerging regulators of telomere synthesis or maintenance, such as G4 telomeric DNA, the CST complex, the t-loop, and shelterins, and discuss their potential as targets for anti-cancer chemotherapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fadri-Moskwik
- Section of Medical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Section of Medical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, USA
| | - Weihang Chai
- Section of Medical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, USA
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