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Wang S, Su Q, Zhu Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhu B. Sensory-Guided Establishment of Sensory Lexicon and Investigation of Key Flavor Components for Goji Berry Pulp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:173. [PMID: 38256727 PMCID: PMC10820852 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many customers prefer goji berry pulp, well-known for its high nutritional content, over fresh goji berries. However, there is limited research on its sensory lexicon and distinctive flavor compounds. This study focused on developing a sensory lexicon for goji berry pulp and characterizing its aroma by sensory and instrumental analysis. Sensory characteristics of goji berry pulp were evaluated by our established lexicon. A total of 83 aromatic compounds in goji berry pulp were quantified using HS-SPME-GC-Orbitrap-MS. By employing OAV in combination, we identified 17 aroma-active compounds as the key ingredients in goji berry pulp. Then, we identified the potentially significant contributors to the aroma of goji berry pulp by combining principal component analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models of aroma compounds and sensory attributes, which included 3-ethylphenol, methyl caprylate, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl ethyl valerate, benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester, hexanal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, acetylpyrazine, butyric acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-pentanol, phenylethyl alcohol, and 2-nonanone. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality control and processing technology of goji berry pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Qingyu Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiani Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China;
- “The Belt and Road” International Institute of Grape and Wine Industry Innovation, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Baoqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
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2
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Liao H, Asif H, Huang X, Luo Y, Xia X. Mitigation of microbial nitrogen-derived metabolic hazards as a driver for safer alcoholic beverage choices: An evidence-based review and future perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:5020-5062. [PMID: 37823801 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic beverages have been enjoyed worldwide as hedonistic commodities for thousands of years. The unique quality and flavor are attributed to the rich microbiota and nutritional materials involved in fermentation. However, the metabolism of these microbiota can also introduce toxic compounds into foods. Nitrogen-derived metabolic hazards (NMH) are toxic metabolic hazards produced by microorganisms metabolizing nitrogen sources that can contaminate alcoholic beverages during fermentation and processing. NMH contamination poses a risk to dietary safety and human health without effective preventive strategies. Existing literature has primarily focused on investigating the causes of NMH formation, detection methods, and abatement techniques for NMH in fermentation end-products. Devising effective process regulation strategies represents a major challenge for the alcoholic beverage industry considering our current lack of understanding regarding the processes whereby NMH are generated, real-time and online detection, and the high degradation rate after NMH formation. This review summarizes the types and mechanisms of nitrogenous hazard contamination, the potential risk points, and the analytical techniques to detect NMH contamination. We discussed the changing patterns of NMH contamination and effective strategies to prevent contamination at different stages in the production of alcoholic beverages. Moreover, we also discussed the advanced technologies and methods to control NMH contamination in alcoholic beverages based on intelligent monitoring, synthetic ecology, and computational assistance. Overall, this review highlights the risks of NMH contamination during alcoholic beverage production and proposes promising strategies that could be adopted to eliminate the risk of NMH contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hussain Asif
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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CHEN K, ZHAO L, YUE Y, NAI G, ZHANG H, LEE B. New process of goji fermented wine: effect of goji residue degradation to generate norisoprenoid aroma compounds. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.126522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Changes in the Phytochemical and Bioactive Compounds and the Antioxidant Properties of Wolfberry during Vinegar Fermentation Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415839. [PMID: 36555477 PMCID: PMC9780972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.), as a kind of functional fruit, has various nutritional and bioactive components, which exhibit healthy benefits. However, wolfberry is not easy to preserve, and the intensive processing of wolfberry needs to be developed. In the present study, the changes in the phytochemical and bioactive compounds, as well as the antioxidant properties of wolfberry, were evaluated in the brewed processes. We found that the sugar contents were significantly decreased, and the total acids values were significantly increased during the fermentation processes. The sugar and fat contents were low in the wolfberry fruit vinegar after fermentation, which is of benefit to human health. In addition, amino acids were examined during the fermentation processes, and histidine, proline, and alanine were found to be the main amino acids in vinegar. The total phenolics and flavonoids contents were significantly increased by 29.4% and 65.7% after fermentation. 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid, 3-hydroxy cinnamic acid, and chlorogenic acid were the primary polyphenols in the wolfberry fruit vinegar. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of wolfberry fruit vinegar was significantly increased compared with that of wolfberry fruit after the fermentation processes. Polysaccharides and polyphenolics were strongly correlated with the antioxidant activity during the fermentation processes. The findings suggest that wolfberry fruit vinegar has a high antioxidant capability, and could be a beneficial food in the human diet.
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Liu R, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Kortesniemi M, Zhu B, Li H. Aromatic Characteristics of Passion Fruit Wines Measured by E-Nose, GC-Quadrupole MS, GC-Orbitrap-MS and Sensory Evaluation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233789. [PMID: 36496598 PMCID: PMC9735701 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the volatile composition and aromatic features of passion fruit wines using a combination of gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS), gas chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-MS), electronic nose (E-nose) and sensory evaluation. The results showed that these passion fruit wines possessed different aromatic features confirmed by E-nose. Seventeen sulfur compounds and seventy-eight volatiles were detected in these passion fruit wines using GC-Orbitrap-MS and GC-qMS, respectively. Forty-four volatiles significantly contributed to the overall wine aroma. These wines possessed passion fruit, mango, green apple, lemon and floral aromas confirmed by sensory evaluation. The partial least squares regression analysis indicated that sulfides, esters and terpenes, and terpenes mainly correlated to the passion fruit, mango and green apple aroma, respectively. Sulfur compounds significantly affected the aroma of passion fruit wine. The findings in this study could provide useful insight toward the quality control of passion fruit wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaran Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Maaria Kortesniemi
- Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Baoqing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6233-8221 (B.Z.); +86-10-68984890 (H.L.)
| | - Hehe Li
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6233-8221 (B.Z.); +86-10-68984890 (H.L.)
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Liu Y, Li N, Li X, Qian W, Liu J, Su Q, Chen Y, Zhang B, Zhu B, Cheng J. A high-resolution Orbitrap Mass spectral library for trace volatile compounds in fruit wines. Sci Data 2022; 9:496. [PMID: 35963960 PMCID: PMC9376066 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall aroma is an important factor of the sensory quality of fruit wines, which attributed to hundreds of volatile compounds. However, the qualitative determination of trace volatile compounds is considered to be very challenging work. GC-Orbitrap-MS with high resolution and high sensitivity provided more possibilities for the determination of volatile compounds, but without the high-resolution mass spectral library. For accuracy of qualitative determination in fruit wines by GC-Orbitrap-MS, a high-resolution mass spectral library, including 76 volatile compounds, was developed in this study. Not only the HRMS spectrum but also the exact ion fragment, relative abundance, retention indices (RI), CAS number, chemical structure diagram, aroma description and aroma threshold (ortho-nasally) were provided and were shown in a database website (Food Flavor Laboratory, http://foodflavorlab.cn/). HRMS library was used to successfully identify the volatile compounds mentioned above in 16 fruit wines (5 blueberry wines, 6 goji berry wines and 5 hawthorn wines). The library was developed as an important basis for further understanding of trace volatile compounds in fruit wines. Measurement(s) | volatile compounds | Technology Type(s) | GC-Orbitrap-MS |
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaran Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyao Li
- School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Wenchao Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingyu Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Baoqing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinxin Cheng
- China People's Police University, Hebei, 065000, China.
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8
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Lactic acid bacteria incubation and aging drives flavor enhancement of goji berry juice. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Geng J, Zhao L, Zhang H. Formation mechanism of isoprene compounds degraded from carotenoids during fermentation of goji wine. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fermented goji wine as a functional wine is made from yeast fermentation. To our knowledge, fermented goji wine still has a problem with insufficient characteristic aroma. Research has shown that some isoprene compounds with characteristic aromas may improve the aroma of goji wine. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of isoprene compound production by carotenoid degradation during the fermentation of goji wine. It was found that C1–C6, C5–C6, C6–C7, C7–C8, C8–C9 and C9–C10 were the most easily degraded sites in carotenoids under seven different pretreatment conditions (mechanical treatment, pectinase treatment, adjustment of pH, autoclave treatment, SO2 treatment, oxidation treatment and light treatment). Meanwhile, breaking different sites, different aroma contributions such as woody, rose, fruity and grassy aromas were found. Single-factor simulation experiments of goji wine during the fermentation showed that the metabolites in the fermentation process caused the degradation of carotenoids and most were volatile aroma compounds. These results may help improve the brewing process to enhance the aroma of goji wine.
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Liu Y, Cheng H, Liu H, Ma R, Ma J, Fang H. Fermentation by Multiple Bacterial Strains Improves the Production of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Goji Juice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193519. [PMID: 31569407 PMCID: PMC6804111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can be used for enhancing flavors or metabolizing functional compounds. The fermented-food-derived bacterial strains comprising Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Lactobacillus reuteri mixed with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum were used to ferment goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) juice in this study. The fermentation abilities and antioxidant capacities of different mixtures of multiple strains in goji juice were compared. The results showed that the lactic acid contents increased 9.24-16.69 times from 25.30 ± 0.71 mg/100 mL in goji juice fermented using the SLV (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Bacillus velezensis), SZP (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bacillus licheniformis), and SZVP (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus licheniformis) mixtures, and the protein contents increased 1.31-2.11 times from 39.23 ± 0.67 mg/100 mL. In addition, their contents of volatile compounds increased with positive effects on aroma in the fermented juices. Conversion of the free and bound forms of phenolic acids and flavonoids in juice was influenced by fermentation, and the antioxidant capacity improved significantly. Fermentation enhanced the contents of lactic acid, proteins, volatile compounds, and phenols. The antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated with the phenolic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Huan Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Huiyan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Ruoshuang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Jiangtao Ma
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Haitian Fang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Liu C, Feng S, Wu Q, Huang H, Chen Z, Li S, Xu Y. Raw Material Regulates Flavor Formation via Driving Microbiota in Chinese Liquor Fermentation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1520. [PMID: 31333623 PMCID: PMC6620735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Raw material is important for flavors in fermented foods. Here, the effect of hulless barley on the microbiota in Chinese liquor was studied using two main cultivars (heilaoya and dulihuang). Six genera (Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Komagataella, Aspergillus, Pichia, and Weissella) were identified as flavor producers. Komagataella, mainly correlated with esters, dominated in heilaoya, and Pichia, mainly correlated with carbonyls, dominated in dulihuang. The Mantel test indicated reducing sugar drove the succession of microbiota (heilaoya: P = 0.001; dulihuang: P = 0.006). Especially, glucose (P = 0.0226) and fructose (P = 0.0168) presented the most significant correlations with Pichia and Komagataella, respectively. The simulative fermentation confirmed Komagataella phaffii QK2 grew better in heilaoya with more fructose, whereas Pichia fermentans PF grew better in dulihuang with more glucose. This work highlighted the effect of raw material on microbiota, which would be beneficial for regulating the quality of fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University, Suqian, China
| | | | - Qun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University, Suqian, China
| | | | - Zhanxiu Chen
- Qinghai Huzhu Barley Wine Co., Ltd., Haidong, China
| | - Shanwen Li
- Qinghai Huzhu Barley Wine Co., Ltd., Haidong, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University, Suqian, China
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Discrimination of Malus Taxa with Different Scent Intensities Using Electronic Nose and Gas Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103429. [PMID: 30322071 PMCID: PMC6210091 DOI: 10.3390/s18103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Floral scent is important in plant reproduction and also has aesthetic implications. However, the accurate determination of aroma is presently limited by the available collection and analysis tools. In this study, the floral scents of four crabapple taxa exhibiting faint, weak, clear, and strong scent intensities were comparatively analyzed by electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The E-nose was able to effectively group the different taxa in the principal component analysis in correspondence with scent intensity. GC–MS analysis identified a total of 60 volatile compounds. The content of nitrogen-containing compounds and aliphatics and the number of unique components of the more aromatic taxa was significantly higher than the less aromatic taxa. α-Cedrene, β-cedrene, 5-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one, benzyl alcohol, linalool, and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine contributed significantly to taxon separation. The pattern recognition results confirmed that the E-nose results corroborated the GC–MS results. Furthermore, partial least squares regression analysis between the aromatic constituents and sensors indicated that particular sensors were highly sensitive to N-containing compounds, aliphatics, and terpenes. In conclusion, the E-nose is capable of discriminating crabapple taxa of different scent intensities in both a qualitative and quantitative respect, presenting a rapid and accurate reference approach for future applications.
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Ren J, Wang S, Ning Y, Wang M, Wang L, Zhang B, Zhu B. The impact of over-maturation on the sensory and nutritional quality of Gouqi (Chinese wolfberry) wine. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Shaoyang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yan Ning
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Mengze Wang
- Ningxia Senmiao Goji Technology Development Co. Ltd.; Yinchuan Ningxia 750000 China
| | - Liying Wang
- Ningxia Senmiao Goji Technology Development Co. Ltd.; Yinchuan Ningxia 750000 China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Baoqing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
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Abstract
The Lycium genus is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine and functional food. Many of the chemical constituents of the genus Lycium were reported previously. In this review, in addition to the polysaccharides, we have enumerated 355 chemical constituents and nutrients, including 22 glycerogalactolipids, 29 phenylpropanoids, 10 coumarins, 13 lignans, 32 flavonoids, 37 amides, 72 alkaloids, four anthraquinones, 32 organic acids, 39 terpenoids, 57 sterols, steroids, and their derivatives, five peptides and three other constituents. This comprehensive study could lay the foundation for further research on the Lycium genus.
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