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Roy A, Magdaong NCM, Jing H, Rong J, Diers JR, Kang HS, Niedzwiedzki DM, Taniguchi M, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Balancing Panchromatic Absorption and Multistep Charge Separation in a Compact Molecular Architecture. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9353-9365. [PMID: 36508586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A panchromatic triad and a charge-separation unit are joined in a crossbar architecture to capture solar energy. The panchromatic-absorber triad (T) is comprised of a central free-base porphyrin that is strongly coupled via direct ethyne linkages to two perylene-monoimide (PMI) groups. The charge-separation unit incorporates a free-base or zinc chlorin (C or ZnC) as a hole acceptor (or electron donor) and a perylene-diimide (PDI) as an electron acceptor, both attached to the porphyrin via diphenylethyne linkers. The free-base porphyrin is common to both light-harvesting and charge-separation motifs. The chlorin and PDI also function as ancillary light absorbers, complementing direct excitation of the panchromatic triad to produce the discrete lowest excited state of the array (T*). Attainment of full charge separation across the pentad entails two steps: (1) an initial excited-state hole/electron-transfer process to oxidize the chlorin (and reduce the panchromatic triad) or reduce the PDI (and oxidize the panchromatic triad); and (2) subsequent ground-state electron/hole migration to produce oxidized chlorin and reduced PDI. Full charge separation for pentad ZnC-T-PDI to generate ZnC+-T-PDI- occurs with a quantum yield of ∼30% and mean lifetime ∼1 μs in dimethyl sulfoxide. For C-T-PDI, initial charge separation is followed by rapid charge recombination. The molecular designs and studies reported here reveal the challenges of balancing the demands for charge separation (linker length and composition, excited-state energies, redox potentials, and medium polarity) with the constraints for panchromatic absorption (strong electronic coupling of the porphyrin and two PMI units) for integrated function in solar-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Nikki Cecil M Magdaong
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage, and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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Liu R, Rong J, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic Absorbers Tethered for Bioconjugation or Surface Attachment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196501. [PMID: 36235037 PMCID: PMC9573448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of two triads are reported. Each triad is composed of two perylene-monoimides linked to a porphyrin via an ethyne unit, which bridges the perylene 9-position and a porphyrin 5- or 15-position. Each triad also contains a single tether composed of an alkynoic acid or an isophthalate unit. Each triad provides panchromatic absorption (350–700 nm) with fluorescence emission in the near-infrared region (733 or 743 nm; fluorescence quantum yield ~0.2). The syntheses rely on the preparation of trans-AB-porphyrins bearing one site for tether attachment (A), an aryl group (B), and two open meso-positions. The AB-porphyrins were prepared by the condensation of a 1,9-diformyldipyrromethane and a dipyrromethane. The installation of the two perylene-monoimide groups was achieved upon the 5,15-dibromination of the porphyrin and the subsequent copper-free Sonogashira coupling, which was accomplished before or after the attachment of the tether. The syntheses provide relatively straightforward access to a panchromatic absorber for use in bioconjugation or surface-attachment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
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Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Melissari Z, Sample HC, Twamley B, Williams RM, Senge MO. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of
gem
‐Dimethyl Chlorin Photosensitizers. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Melissari
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin St James's Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam (The Netherlands
| | - Harry C. Sample
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin St James's Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinCollege Green Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - René M. Williams
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam (The Netherlands
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin St James's Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
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Watanabe H, Nakamura S, Tamiaki H. Sterically controlled and pH-dependent self-aggregation of synthetic zinc 3-(alkylamino)methylated chlorophyll- a derivatives in aqueous micellar solution. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461950127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc methyl 3-(methyl/ethylamino)methyl-pyropheophorbides-[Formula: see text] were prepared as models of photosynthetically active bacteriochlorophyll-[Formula: see text] possessing the 3[Formula: see text]-hydroxy group. The synthetic methylamino analog predominantly dimerized via two Zn[Formula: see text]N coordination bonds in aqueous Triton X-100 micelles, while the more sterically crowding and less coordinating ethylamino derivative self-aggregated to form large oligomers through single coordination and hydrogen bonds, Zn[Formula: see text]N–H[Formula: see text]O=C-13, similarly as in the natural self-aggregates of bacteriochlorophyll-[Formula: see text]. The artificial self-aggregates were dependent on the aqueous pH, but the dimer was less pH-sensitive and also more tolerant to the additional Triton X-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Soichi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Matsumoto N, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable synthetic chlorins rendered water-soluble with three PEG-12 groups via click chemistry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorins provide many ideal features for use as red-region fluorophores but require molecular tailoring for solubilization in aqueous solution. A chlorin building-block bearing 18,18-dimethyl, 15-bromo and 10-[2,4,6-tris(propargyloxy)phenyl] substituents has been transformed via click chemistry with CH3(OCH2CH[Formula: see text]-N3 followed by Suzuki coupling with 3-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid, thereby installing a water-solubilization motif and a bioconjugatable handle, respectively. In toluene, [Formula: see text]-dimethylformamide (DMF) or water, the resulting facially encumbered free base chlorin exhibits characteristic chlorin absorption ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]412, 643 nm) and fluorescence ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]645 nm) spectra with only modest variation in fluorescence quantum yield ([Formula: see text] values (0.24, 0.25 and 0.19, respectively). The zinc chlorin derived therefrom exhibits similar spectral constancy ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]414 and 613 nm, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]616 nm) and [Formula: see text] 0.094, 0.10 and 0.086 in the three solvents. The results together indicate the viability of the molecular design and synthetic methodology to create red-region fluorophores for use in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Liu R, Liu S, Hu G, Lindsey JS. Aqueous solubilization of hydrophobic tetrapyrrole macrocycles by attachment to an amphiphilic single-chain nanoparticle (SCNP). NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Snapping a heterotelechelic amphiphilic polymer onto a tetrapyrrole imparts aqueous solubility to the otherwise hydrophobic macrocycle as demonstrated for a chlorin, bacteriochlorin and phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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Marazzi M, Gattuso H, Monari A, Assfeld X. Steady-State Linear and Non-linear Optical Spectroscopy of Organic Chromophores and Bio-macromolecules. Front Chem 2018; 6:86. [PMID: 29666792 PMCID: PMC5891624 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-macromolecules as DNA, lipid membranes and (poly)peptides are essential compounds at the core of biological systems. The development of techniques and methodologies for their characterization is therefore necessary and of utmost interest, even though difficulties can be experienced due to their intrinsic complex nature. Among these methods, spectroscopies, relying on optical properties are especially important to determine their macromolecular structures and behaviors, as well as the possible interactions and reactivity with external dyes—often drugs or pollutants—that can (photo)sensitize the bio-macromolecule leading to eventual chemical modifications, thus damages. In this review, we will focus on the theoretical simulation of electronic spectroscopies of bio-macromolecules, considering their secondary structure and including their interaction with different kind of (photo)sensitizers. Namely, absorption, emission and electronic circular dichroism (CD) spectra are calculated and compared with the available experimental data. Non-linear properties will be also taken into account by two-photon absorption, a highly promising technique (i) to enhance absorption in the red and infra-red windows and (ii) to enhance spatial resolution. Methodologically, the implications of using implicit and explicit solvent, coupled to quantum and thermal samplings of the phase space, will be addressed. Especially, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods are explored for a comparison with solely QM methods, in order to address the necessity to consider an accurate description of environmental effects on spectroscopic properties of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marazzi
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine-Nancy, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigacíon en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Hugo Gattuso
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine-Nancy, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Antonio Monari
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine-Nancy, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Assfeld
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine-Nancy, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7019, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Hu G, Kang HS, Mandal AK, Roy A, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of arrays containing porphyrin, chlorin, and perylene-imide constituents for panchromatic light-harvesting and charge separation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23854-23874. [PMID: 35540249 PMCID: PMC9081848 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving solar light harvesting followed by efficient charge separation and transport is an essential objective of molecular-based artificial photosynthesis. Architectures that afford strong absorption across the near-UV to near-infrared region, namely panchromatic absorptivity, are critically important given the broad spectral distribution of sunlight. A tetrapyrrole–perylene pentad array was synthesized and investigated as a means to integrate panchromatic light harvesting and intramolecular charge separation. The pentad consists of three moieties: (1) a panchromatically absorbing triad, in which a porphyrin is strongly coupled to two perylene-monoimides via ethyne linkages; (2) a perylene-diimide electron acceptor; and (3) a chlorin hole-trapping unit. Integrating the three components with diphenylethyne linkers generates moderate electronic coupling for intramolecular energy and hole/electron transfer. The construction of the array relies on a stepwise strategy for incorporating modular pigment building blocks. The key building blocks include a trans-A2BC porphyrin, a chlorin, a perylene-monoimide, and a perylene-diimide, each bearing appropriate (halo, ethynyl) synthetic handles for Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions. One target pentad, three tetrads, four triads, and four monomeric benchmark compounds were synthesized from six building blocks (three new, three reported) and 10 new synthetic intermediates. Four of the tetrapyrrole-containing arrays are zinc chelated, and four others are in the free base form. Absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence quantum yields were also measured. Collectively, investigations of the arrays reveal insights into principles for the design of novel reaction centers integrated with a panchromatic antenna for artificial photosynthetic studies. Twelve arrays containing porphyrin, chlorin, and/or perylene-imide units were synthesized to investigate panchromatic absorption integrated with charge separation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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