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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Zhou L, Peng Y, Xu Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Liang T, Chen T, Xiao Y, Feng S, Ding C. The Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Moisturizing Effects of Camellia oleifera Oil and Its Potential Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1864. [PMID: 38675684 PMCID: PMC11055129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera oil (CO oil) extracted from C. oleifera seeds has a 2300-year consumption history in China. However, there is relatively little research regarding its non-edible uses. This study determined the physicochemical properties of CO oil extracted via direct pressing, identified its main components using GC-MS, and evaluated its antioxidant, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that CO oil's acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were 1.06 ± 0.031 mg/g, 0.24 ± 0.01 g/100 g, 65.14 ± 8.22 g/100 g, and 180.41 ± 5.60 mg/g, respectively. CO oil's tocopherol, polyphenol, and squalene contents were 82.21 ± 9.07 mg/kg, 181.37 ± 3.76 mg/kg, and 53.39 ± 6.58 mg/kg, respectively; its unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content was 87.44%, and its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was 12.56%. CO oil also demonstrated excellent moisture retention properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and certain free radical scavenging. A highly stable CO oil emulsion with competent microbiological detection was developed using formulation optimization. Using CO oil in the emulsion significantly improved the formulation's antioxidant and moisturizing properties compared with those of the emulsion formulation that did not include CO oil. The prepared emulsion was not cytotoxic to cells and could reduce cells' NO content; therefore, it may have potential nutritional value in medicine and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yunlan Peng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhou Xu
- Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China;
| | - Jingyi Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ningbo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tao Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shiling Feng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chunbang Ding
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
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Łusiak P, Różyło R, Mazur J, Sobczak P, Matwijczuk A. Evaluation of physical parameters and spectral characterization of the quality of soaps containing by-products from the food industry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4687. [PMID: 38409341 PMCID: PMC10897409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated several properties such as friction, hardness, penetration work, and cutting forces in soaps formulated with apple and carrot pomace at varying concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. To gain insights into the molecular-level alterations within the formulated soap samples, they were spectroscopically analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The sliding friction analyses revealed that the investigated extrudate additives had no significant impact on the frictional forces of the soaps. However, notable differences were observed in the cutting force, hardness, and penetration work between the control and pomace-added samples. Excluding the control samples, no statistically significant distinctions were found between the cutting force, hardness, and work of penetration of soaps containing apple pomace and carrot pomace. Moreover, the quantity of pomace incorporated did not induce any significant variations in the results. The obtained samples were characterised at the molecular level using FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. On the other hand, alterations in band intensities suggested improved molecular packing of the compounds within the samples due to the presence of the additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Łusiak
- Department of Food Engineering and Machines, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Różyło
- Department of Food Engineering and Machines, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Mazur
- Department of Food Engineering and Machines, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Sobczak
- Department of Food Engineering and Machines, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Matwijczuk
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
- ECOTECH-COMPLEX - Analytical and Programme Centre for Advanced Environmentally-Friendly Technologies, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Blaak J, Grabmann S, Simon I, Callaghan T, Staib P. Five dimensions of cleansing: A holistic view on the facets and importance of skin cleansing. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:557-571. [PMID: 37367943 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cleansing is an important human ritual practised for hygiene, well-being and relaxation over centuries. As part of body care it is often taken for granted, yet its relevance cannot be underestimated. Although cleansing the skin may seem trivial to some, it is accepted, that this fundamental function of skin cleansing products is highly complex, diverse and crucial for a variety of reasons in the personal, public, healthcare and dermatological settings. Employing a comprehensive and strategic approach in viewing cleansing and its rituals, supports innovation, understanding and development. Apart from being a fundamental function, as far as we know, there is no comprehensive presentation of skin cleansing with all its effects besides 'removing dirt'. To our knowledge, comprehensive analyses on the multi-dimensional facets of skin cleansing are either rare or not published. Against this background, we examine the importance of cleansing in terms of function, relevance and concepts. First, the key functions and efficacies of skin cleansing were investigated by literature research. Based on this survey, the functions were analysed, sorted and merged and a novel approach to skin cleansing 'dimensions' was developed. Herewith, we took into consideration the evolution of skin cleansing in terms of concept evolution, complexity and testing methods for cleansing products and their claims. Several multi-dimensional functions of skin cleansing were identified and then established into five skin cleansing dimensions, namely: hygienic and medical importance; socio-cultural and interpersonal relevance; mood, emotion and well-being; cosmetic and aesthetic function; corneobiological interactions. It became obvious, that these five dimensions with their corresponding 11 sub-dimensions, are influenced by each other throughout history by culture and society, technical progress, scientific knowledge and consumer trends. This article presents the enormous complexity of skin cleansing. Skin cleansing has evolved from basic care up to a highly complex and diverse cosmetic product category in terms of technology, efficacy and usage routine(s). In view of future challenges, such as the effects of climate and associated lifestyle changes, the development of skin cleansing will remain an exciting and important topic and thus will finally, again, further increase the complexity of skin cleansing itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Blaak
- Research & Development and Regulatory Affairs, Kneipp GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Grabmann
- Research & Development and Regulatory Affairs, Kneipp GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Simon
- Research & Development and Regulatory Affairs, Kneipp GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Staib
- Research & Development and Regulatory Affairs, Kneipp GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
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Isesele P, Enstad S, Huong P, Thomas R, Wagner CL, Sen S, Cheema SK. Breast Milk from Non-Obese Women with a High Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio, but Not from Women with Obesity, Increases Lipogenic Gene Expression in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes, Suggesting Adipocyte Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051129. [PMID: 35625866 PMCID: PMC9138889 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal body mass index is associated with breast milk (BM) fatty acid composition. This study investigated the effects of BM omega (n)-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from non-obese women and women with obesity on the process of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BM samples were collected from non-obese women (BMNO) and women with obesity (BMO) at one month postpartum. The fatty acid composition was measured, and BMNO and BMO groups with the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q4) quartiles of n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios were identified. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence or absence of BM. Lipid accumulation and the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis were measured. Treatment with BMNO containing high (vs. low) n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios significantly increased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase); however, there was no effect when cells were treated with BMO (with either low or high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios). Treatment with BMO (high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio) caused larger lipid droplets. Our findings demonstrated that BMNO with a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher expression of lipogenic genes, while BMO with a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio showed larger lipid droplets, suggesting adipocyte dysfunction. These findings may have implications in the BM-mediated programming of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isesele
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Samantha Enstad
- Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women and Babies, Orlando, FL 32806, USA;
| | - Pham Huong
- School of Science/Boreal Ecosystems and Agriculture Sciences, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (P.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science/Boreal Ecosystems and Agriculture Sciences, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (P.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Carol L. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Sukhinder K. Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-7-09-864-3987
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Gerônimo DM, Oliveira SCD, Soares FLF, Peralta-Zamora P, Nagata N. Determination of main raw material source in bar soaps using mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with classification tools. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Cardoso SM, Fassio A. The Antioxidant Capacities of Natural Products 2019. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235676. [PMID: 33271992 PMCID: PMC7730730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new natural antioxidants is a growing area of research due to the broad spectrum of their biological properties, which are associated with the prevention of chronic diseases that originate in oxidative stress [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.M.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessia Fassio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.C.); (A.F.)
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Physicochemical Characterization of Home-Made Soap from Waste-Used Frying Oils. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to describe the utilization of waste frying oils, originated mainly from households, in home-made soap production and to emphasize the advantages of soap biodegradation in comparison to biological treatment of oils. The physicochemical analyses of soaps were used to check the differences between the samples made of fresh and fried oils. Significant (p < 0.05) difference between the soaps made of fresh/fried olive oil pair was obtained, while the rapeseed sample pair did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) exhibited notable differences with an increase from 1.94 μg/g to 2.33 μg/g for olive oil fresh/fried pair and from 3.43 μg/g to 4.10 μg/g for rapeseed–palm oil fresh/fried pair. The studies addressing the soap biodegradation process revealed that soaps are degrading up to four times faster than oils in waste processing plants. Literature data showed the syntrophic ways of soap degradation and degradation solely done by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Obtained results, same as literature data, indicated that soaps produced from fried plant oils represent acceptable products from the economic and environmental point of view. Soap production can be considered one of the possible ways toward reduction of waste oil disposal.
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Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kumar Naik P, Ghosh G, Rath G. A Review of Current Interventions for COVID-19 Prevention. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:363-374. [PMID: 32409144 PMCID: PMC7190516 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of CoVID-19 is declared as a global public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). A fresh figure of 2268011 positive cases and 155185 death records (till April 18th 2020) across the worldwide signify the severity of this viral infection. CoVID-19 infection is a pandemic, surface to surface communicable disease with a case fatality rate of 3.4% as estimated by WHO up to March 3rd 2020. Unfortunately, the current unavailability of an effective antiviral drug and approved vaccine, worsen the situation more critical. Implementation of an effective preventive measure is the only option left to counteract CoVID-19. Further, a retrospective analysis provides evidence that contemplates the decisive role of preventive measures in controlling severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. A statistical surveillance report of WHO reflects, maintaining a coherent infection, prevention and control guideline resulted in a 30% reduction in healthcare-associated infections. The effectiveness of preventive measures completely relies on the strength of surface disinfectants, the composition of hand sanitizer, appropriate material for the manufacture of personal protective equipment (PPE). This review enlightens the various preventive measures such as a suitable selection of surface disinfectants, appropriate hand sanitization, and empowering the PPE that could be a potential intervention to fight against CoVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prativa Biswasroy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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10
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Modelling and simulation of supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactive compounds from vegetable oil waste. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Salehi B, Rescigno A, Dettori T, Calina D, Docea AO, Singh L, Cebeci F, Özçelik B, Bhia M, Dowlati Beirami A, Sharifi-Rad J, Sharopov F, C. Cho W, Martins N. Avocado-Soybean Unsaponifiables: A Panoply of Potentialities to Be Exploited. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E130. [PMID: 31940989 PMCID: PMC7023362 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) constitute vegetable extracts made from fruits and seeds of avocado and soybean oil. Characterized by its potent anti-inflammatory effects, this ASU mixture is recommended to act as an adjuvant treatment for osteoarthritic pain and slow-acting symptomatic treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis; autoimmune diseases; diffuse scleroderma and scleroderma-like states (e.g., morphea, sclerodactyly, scleroderma in bands). Besides, it was reported that it can improve the mood and quality of life of postmenopausal women in reducing menopause-related symptoms. This article aims to summarize the studies on biological effects of the avocado-soybean unsaponifiable, its chemical composition, pharmacotherapy as well as applications in auto-immune, osteoarticular and menopausal disorders. Finally, we will also discuss on its safety, toxicological and regulatory practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran;
| | - Antonio Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; (A.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Tinuccia Dettori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; (A.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Laxman Singh
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263643, India;
| | - Fatma Cebeci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bayburt University, 69000 Bayburt, Turkey;
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Bioactive Research & Innovation Food Manufac. Indust. Trade Ltd., Katar Street, Teknokent ARI-3, B110, Sarıyer, 34467 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammed Bhia
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 1634764651 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Amirreza Dowlati Beirami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1991953381 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, 734003 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Use of Natural Antioxidants from Newfoundland Wild Berries to Improve the Shelf Life of Natural Herbal Soaps. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110536. [PMID: 31717374 PMCID: PMC6929008 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are important bio-regulators and suppressors of oxidation and are useful in enhancing the shelf life of consumer products. Formulated natural herbal soaps contain ingredients with antioxidant activities, but it is unknown how this influences shelf life. Herein, we evaluated whether natural additives or wild berry extracts were effective in improving the quality of natural herbal soaps. Three natural soaps, base bar (BB), forest grove (FG), and hibiscus rosehip (HR), were formulated using several wild berry extracts or natural additives and evaluated against similar commercial brands. The total phenolic content (TPC) of BB and FG infused with partridgeberry and HR with rosemary was 35.22, 44.72, and 33.26 µmole quercetin equivalent/g soap, while the total antioxidant activity (TAA) was 125.20, 119.23, and 126.94 µmole Trolox equivalent/g soap, respectively. Conversely, the commercial brand (BSG) with the highest TPC (56.24 µmole) contained lower TAA (59.68 µmole). As expected, the TPC and TAA of natural soaps were strongly correlated, and the majority (55–82%) of the polyunsaturated di/triacylglycerols remained unsaponified. Some extracts were inhibitory, while others promoted microbial growth. The results indicate that natural antioxidants from some Newfoundland wild berries have applications in improving the shelf life of natural herbal soaps, but care must be taken with the choice of berry used in the final soap formulation.
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