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Park S, Gordon CT, Swager TM. Resistivity detection of perfluoroalkyl substances with fluorous polyaniline in an electrical lateral flow sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317300121. [PMID: 38470924 PMCID: PMC10963003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as "forever chemicals," are a growing concern in the sphere of human and environmental health. In response, rapid, reproducible, and inexpensive methods for PFAS detection in the environment and home water supplies are needed. We have developed a simple and inexpensive perfluoroalkyl acid detection method based on an electrically read lateral flow assay (e-LFA). Our method employs a fluorous surfactant formulation with undoped polyaniline (F-PANI) fabricated to create test lines for the lateral flow assay. In perfluoroalkyl acid sensing studies, an increase in conductivity of the F-PANI film is caused by acidification and doping of PANI. A conductivity enhancement by 104-fold can be produced by this method, and we demonstrate a limit of detection for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) of 400 ppt and perfluorobutanoic acid of 200 ppt. This method for PFOA detection can be expanded for wide-scale environmental and at-home water testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Collette T. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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Hercan Mammad M, Gülfen M, Olgun U, Özdemir A. Synthesis, spectroscopy, band gap energy and electrical conductivity of poly(dopamine-co-aniline) copolymer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123712. [PMID: 38042126 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Copolymerization is used to improve the solubility and processability of polymers and copolymers includes the individual properties of homopolymer. In this study, the poly(dopamine-co-aniline) (poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer was synthesized and the UV-vis. absorption, optical band gap energy, fluorescence, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, MALDI-TOF-MS, XRD and electrical conductivity have been investigated. The obtained results for the poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer were compared with the PDA and PANI homopolymers. It was observed that the poly(DA-co-ANI copolymer is soluble easily in NMP and DMF solvents. The optical band gap energy of the poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer film were calculated. as 1.00 eV with favorable indirect transition. The poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer showed the FL emission maximum bands at 390 and 533 nm wavelengths. It was observed from the SEM images that the poly(DA-co-ANI) has 0-1500 nm crystalline rectangular particles prepared in acidic media and 0-600 nm amorphous particles prepared in basic media. The electrical conductivity of the poly(DA-co-ANI) was 1.35 × 10-6 S/cm. In the MALDI-TOF-MS measurements, the number-average molecular weight of the copolymer was found as 2628 Da with a distribution up to 5500 Da. The poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer, soluble in NMP and DMF solvents and with a low optical band gap energy can be utilized as optical, fluorescent, and semi-conductive material in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Hercan Mammad
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gülfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey; Polymer Materials and Technologies Research Application Center, Sargem Research-Development and Application Center, Sakarya University, 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Uğursoy Olgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey; Polymer Materials and Technologies Research Application Center, Sargem Research-Development and Application Center, Sakarya University, 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Abdil Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
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Chaubisa P, Dharmendra D, Vyas Y, Chundawat P, Jangid NK, Ameta C. Synthesis and characterization of PANI and PANI-indole copolymer and study of their antimalarial and antituberculosis activity. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37362957 PMCID: PMC10243275 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of polyaniline (PANI) and its copolymer with indole involved a chemical oxidative polymerization method, with benzene sulfonic acid (BSA, C6H6O3S) used as a dopant and potassium persulfate (PPS, K2S2O8) as an oxidant. The synthesized compounds underwent characterization using FTIR, 1H-NMR, TGA, and GPC techniques, which allowed the calculation of their average molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) through the GPC technique. The PDI values of the PANI copolymer with indole in different aniline-to-indole ratios were 1.53, 1.13, and 1.532 for 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratios, respectively. Thermal stability was determined using TGA, revealing that the indole heterocyclic compound increased the inflexibility of the polymer chains in the synthesized PANI copolymer. The structure of the copolymer was further analyzed using 1HNMR and FTIR techniques, which confirmed the existence of benzenoid and quinoid groups in the PANI-indole copolymers, as well as the effect of doping on the polymer chains. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the copolymers were studied against several bacterial and fungal strains and measured in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration. Results indicated that the inhibition rate of the PANI-indole copolymer on S. pyogenus (MTCC 442) was higher than that of standard drugs and individual PANI. The PANI-indole copolymers also displayed excellent antituberculosis and antimalarial activities, with the synthesized copolymer showing better outcomes than individual PANI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Chaubisa
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan India
| | | | - Yogeshwari Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Priyanka Chundawat
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan India
| | | | - Chetna Ameta
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan India
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Xiong S, Xu Y, Wang X, Gong M, Chu J, Zhang R, Wu B, Wang C, Li Z. Hydrothermal synthesis of polyaniline nanospheres coupled with graphene oxide for enhanced specific capacitance performances. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221136045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline is one of the most common electrode materials for supercapacitors. The morphology of polyaniline directly affects the properties of polyaniline. In this paper, a new method for preparing hollow polyaniline nanospheres is described. Polyaniline-S with solid and hollow structures are successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method, through varying the amounts of the catalyst and oxidant. The prepared hollow nanospheres have uniform particle size, a smooth surface, and uniform wall thickness. The hollow structure provides rapid permeability to the material, facilitating the transfer and transport of charges and ions in the electrolyte, and it can also act as an ion storage tank to increase the accumulation of ions inside. The specific capacitance of polyaniline-S is high at 235 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. To reduce the aggregation of polyaniline-S and improve the electrochemical activity, polyaniline-S, and graphene oxide are composited using the interfacial electrostatic interaction. The content of graphene oxide has a significant influence on the electrochemical performance of the composites. The specific capacitance of the polyaniline-S/ graphene oxide composite with a 10% loading amount of graphene oxide reaches 535 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, increase of nearly 128% compared to representing a significant polyaniline-S. The specific capacitance retention rate is 93.6% after 10,000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxin Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Land and Resources, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yangbo Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Ming Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jia Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Runlan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Bohua Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, P.R. China
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Vaidya JR, Durga Nageswar YV. Polyaniline mediated heterogeneous catalysis in the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives through carbon–heteroatom bond formations. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Green-bond forming reactions in organic chemistry are very much essential for the sustainability and it is a continuous evolutionary process. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the catalysts can offer a green-bond forming chemistry. The present chapter is designed to explain PANI mediated reactions leading to the synthesis of heterocycles. PANI and PANI-doped catalyst preparation methods and together with characterization of PANI catalyst using modern analytical tools is explained. Several heterocycles were prepared using PANI or doped-PANI catalyst in a one pot reaction conditions or sometimes multicomponent reaction conditions. Ease of PANI preparation, simple reaction conditions, PANI recovery and reusability and quick-way of product isolation or workup procedure are the highlights of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayathirtha Rao Vaidya
- Fluoro Agro Chemicals Department and AcSIR-Ghaziabad , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Uppal Road Tarnaka , Hyderabad - 500007 , Telangana , India
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Morsink M, Severino P, Luna-Ceron E, Hussain MA, Sobahi N, Shin SR. Effects of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials on regulating cardiomyocyte behavior for cardiac repair and regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:141-156. [PMID: 34818579 PMCID: PMC11041526 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases, with a highly relevant and impactful role in public health. Despite the therapeutic advances of the last decades, MI still begets extensive death rates around the world. The pathophysiology of the disease correlates with cardiomyocyte necrosis, caused by an imbalance in the demand of oxygen to cardiac tissues, resulting from obstruction of the coronary flow. To alleviate the severe effects of MI, the use of various biomaterials exhibit vast potential in cardiac repair and regeneration, acting as native extracellular matrices. These hydrogels have been combined with nano sized or functional materials which possess unique electrical, mechanical, and topographical properties that play important roles in regulating phenotypes and the contractile function of cardiomyocytes even in adverse microenvironments. These nano-biomaterials' differential properties have led to substantial healing on in vivo cardiac injury models by promoting fibrotic scar reduction, hemodynamic function preservation, and benign cardiac remodeling. In this review, we discuss the interplay of the unique physical properties of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials, are able to manipulate the phenotypes and the electrophysiological behavior of cardiomyocytes in vitro, and can enhance heart regeneration in vivo. Consequently, the understanding of the decisive roles of the nano-biomaterials discussed in this review could be useful for designing novel nano-biomaterials in future research for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study introduced and deciphered the understanding of the role of multimodal cues in recent advances of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials on cardiac tissue engineering. Compared with other review papers, which mainly describe these studies based on various types of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials, in this review paper we mainly discussed the interplay of the unique physical properties (electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and topography) of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials, which would allow them to manipulate phenotypes and the electrophysiological behavior of cardiomyocytes in vitro and to enhance heart regeneration in vivo. Consequently, understanding the decisive roles of the nano-biomaterials discussed in the review could help design novel nano-biomaterials in future research for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha Morsink
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; University of Tiradentes (Unit), Biotechnological Postgraduate Program. Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNMed), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil; Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, United States of America
| | - Eder Luna-Ceron
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Mohammad A Hussain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nebras Sobahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America.
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Panapimonlawat T, Phanichphant S, Sriwichai S. Electrochemical Dopamine Biosensor Based on Poly(3-aminobenzylamine) Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Multilayer Thin Film. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1488. [PMID: 34066377 PMCID: PMC8125673 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter which indicates the risk of several neurological diseases. The selective determination with low detection limit is necessary for early diagnosis and prevention of neurological diseases associated with abnormal concentration of DA. The purpose of this study is to fabricate a poly(3-aminobenzylamine)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PABA/PSS) multilayer thin film for use as an electrochemical DA biosensor. The PABA was firstly synthesized using a chemical oxidation method of 3-aminobenzylamine (ABA) monomer with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant. For electrochemical biosensor, the PABA/PSS thin film was fabricated on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrate using the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method. The optimized number of bilayers was achieved using SEM and cyclic voltammetry (CV) results. The electroactivity of the optimized LBL thin film toward detection of DA in neutral solution was studied by CV and amperometry. The PABA/PSS thin film showed good sensitivity for DA sensing with sensitivity of 6.922 nA·cm-2·µM-1 and linear range of 0.1-1.0 µM (R2 = 0.9934), with low detection limit of 0.0628 µM, long-term stability and good reproducibility. In addition, the selectivity of the PABA/PSS thin film for detection of DA under the common interferences (i.e., ascorbic acid, uric acid and glucose) was also presented. The prepared PABA/PSS thin film showed the powerful efficiency for future use as DA biosensor in real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayanee Panapimonlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sukon Phanichphant
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Saengrawee Sriwichai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Effective Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Divalent Nickel Ions from Water through Polyaniline, Iron Oxide, and Their Composites. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water pollution caused by industrial wastes containing heavy metals and dyes is a major environmental problem. This study reports on the synthesis, characterization, and utilizations of Polyaniline (PANI) and its composites with Fe3O4 for the removal of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) and divalent nickel Ni(II) ions from water. The adsorption data were fitted in Freudlich, Langmuir, Tempkin, Dubbanin–Ruddishkawich (D–R), and Elovich adsorption isotherms. The Freundlich isotherm fits more closely to the adsorption data with R2 values of 0.9472, 0.9890, and 0.9684 for adsorption of Cr(VI) on Fe3O4, PANI, and PANI/Fe3O4 composites, respectively, while for adsorption of Ni(II) these values were 0.9366, 0.9232, and 0.9307 respectively. The effects of solution pH, initial concentration, contact time, ionic strength, and adsorbent dosage on adsorption behavior were investigated. The adsorption ability of composites was compared with pristine PANI and Fe3O4 particles. Activation energy and other thermodynamic properties such as changes in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy indicated spontaneous and exothermic adsorption.
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Fouda MMG, Abdelsalam NR, Gohar IMA, Hanfy AEM, Othman SI, Zaitoun AF, Allam AA, Morsy OM, El-Naggar M. Utilization of High throughput microcrystalline cellulose decorated silver nanoparticles as an eco-nematicide on root-knot nematodes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 188:110805. [PMID: 31972444 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of high throughput microcrystalline cellulose embedded silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), as an alternative eco-nematicide on Root-knot nematode (Meliodogyne incognita), which deem the main reason toward the loss of more than 20% in crops worldwide. In this work, Ag-NPs was prepared in very high concentration. Ag-NPs prepared using such technique has many advantages such as: absence of organic or solvents, scaling up thru using high concentration of silver precursor and utilization of environmentally benign polymer; Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC). At the beginning, the bulk Ag-NPs colloidal solution is diluted to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80 and 100 ppm. Then, heavily galled roots of annual seed-propagated weed, Solanum nigrum L. family Solanaceae were selected to identify the Meloidogyne species and followed by treatment with the previously Ag-NPs concentrations. Results obtained after 24 h incubation, showed the highest mortality (M%) (40.36 ± 1.15%) which was achieved by means of 20 ppm of Ag-NPs compared with the highest concentration of Ag-NPs; 100 ppm (42.85 ± 3.51%). It was obviously noticed that, by increasing the concentration of Ag-NPs, M % decreased. On the other hand, after 48 h, 30 ppm Ag-NPs showed the highest M%; (52.82 ± 0.57%), while, after 72 h of treatments, the M% reached 95.53 ± 0.57% using 40 ppm Ag-NPs, then decreased to 66.67 ± 2.00% using 100 ppm Ag-NPs. All previous finding affirms the effectiveness of lower concentrations of Ag-NPs compared with the highest one, after 72 h. In conclusion, Ag-NPs could be successfully used as eco-nematicide for Root-knot nematodes; Meloidogyne incognita with a recommended dose of 20-40 ppm that is acquired higher M% and caused many aberrations during the different growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa M G Fouda
- Pre-Treatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fabric Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Center, 33 El- Behooth St, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Nader R Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, 21531 Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - I M A Gohar
- Sugar Crops Research Institute, Department of Sugar Crops Disease and Pests Research, Agricultural Research Center, 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira E M Hanfy
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, 21531 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah I Othman
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, P.O. Box 24428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amera F Zaitoun
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, 21531 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 65211, Egypt
| | - Osama M Morsy
- Arab Academy of Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehrez El-Naggar
- Pre-Treatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fabric Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Center, 33 El- Behooth St, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
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