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Pilařová V, Socas-Rodríguez B, Nováková L, Essén S, Holm C, Turner C, Sandahl M. Analysis of vitamin D and its metabolites in biological samples - Part I: Optimization and comparison of UHPSFC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124087. [PMID: 38513431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamin D is an essential bioactive compound important for human health. Insufficient vitamin D levels can result not only in bone disease but also in other disorders, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and diseases related to poor immune function. The current methods commonly used for vitamin D analysis are often applied to determine the levels of the most abundant metabolite in plasma, i.e., 25-OH-D2/D3. These methods do not consider the presence of other hydroxylated and esterified metabolites, including isomers and epimers, which are typically found in low concentrations. In this study, we developed a fast and selective ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) method using a 150 mm long 1-amino anthracene (1-AA) column and a mobile phase consisting of carbon dioxide and methanol/isopropanol (1/1, v/v) mixed with 8 % water. After thorough optimization of column temperature and back pressure, the separation of four vitamin D3 esters, vitamin D3 and D2, and eight mono- and di-hydroxylated metabolites, including three groups of isomers, was achieved in 10 min. Two ion sources, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization optimized within this study, were compared in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. No significant sensitivity differences were observed. Subsequently, the same 1-AA column chemistry was examined in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) as the stationary phase that could hypothetically bring different selectivity in the separation of vitamin D and its metabolites. However, this hypothesis was rejected, and C18 was used as a stationary phase in the final optimized UHPLC-MS/MS method. Despite detailed optimization, the final 15 min UHPLC method was not able to separate di-hydroxylated isomers of vitamin D3, while it enabled better resolution of esterified forms compared to UHPSFC. Optimized methods provided similar repeatability of retention times and peak areas, with RSD < 2 % and 10 %, respectively. The lowest limits of quantification were in the range of 1.2 - 4.9 ng/mL for UHPSFC-APCI-MS/MS, while for UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS, they were typically in the range of 2.6 - 9.6 ng/mL. Based on the obtained results, the UHPSFC-APCI-MS/MS method was the most promising approach for fast, selective, and sensitive analysis that could be applied in the analysis of biological samples with emphasis on the separation of both hydroxylated and esterified metabolites, including isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilařová
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden; University of La Laguna, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Essén
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden.
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West C. Supercritical fluid chromatography is not (only) normal-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464546. [PMID: 38041976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), now using carbon dioxide as a major component of the mobile phase, has been known for over 60 years but still some misunderstandings remain about its capabilities. Amongst them, SFC is often described as a normal-phase chromatographic technique, based on different considerations: polarity of the stationary phase, elution order of the analytes, relative non-polarity of the mobile phase, non-linear retention behaviour, or adsorption retention mechanisms. All of these assumptions are true to a certain extent, and in certain circumstances. But also, all of these assumptions are wrong in different circumstances. In this paper, the criteria to categorize SFC as a normal-phase chromatographic method will be examined individually, considering all knowledge acquired from the early years of its development. Finally, it will appear that the "normal-phase" glass lens is greatly reducing the true extent of SFC's possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline West
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Orleans, CNRS UMR7311, rue de Chartres - BP 6759, Orléans 45067, France.
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Yamaguchi M, Tsuji M. Evaluation of control of additive concentration in gradient analysis of supercritical fluid chromatography-coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464193. [PMID: 37429077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phase additives are used to improve retention behavior in chromatography. In supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), for which supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) is used as the main mobile phase, additives can only be added into the modifier. For that reason, when gradient analysis is performed by changing the modifier ratio to SF-CO2, the additive concentration in the mobile phase increases in parallel with the modifier ratio. In a preliminary study performed using the conventional SFC system, ammonium acetate was necessary to improve the peak shape of a polar steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), while the peak intensity of a non-polar steroid, progesterone, decreased by 78% compared to that in the absence of the additive in mobile phase when gradient elution was performed. Since ammonium acetate had both favorable and unfavorable effects on sensitive and simultaneous analysis of these two steroid compounds, a compromise between these effects had to be sought. A three-pump configuration of SFC was developed by adding a pump unit to SFC instrument, which enabled control of the additive concentration independently of the modifier ratio, for the purpose of investigating the additive effect in detail using both steroids as model compounds. The putative cause of the decrease in peak intensity of progesterone was excessively elevated additive concentration in gradient analysis. When the additive concentration in the mobile phase was controlled to ensure that it did not increase during gradient analysis, the peak intensities of progesterone, cortisol, corticosterone, and testosterone were 55%, 40%, 25%, and 17% higher than when the additive concentration was not controlled, respectively. On the other hand, the peak intensity of DHEA-S was almost identical between the conditions, with an increase of 2% with three-pump instrument. The three-pump configuration showed the potential to solve problems relating to the use of modifier additives by keeping their concentration constant in gradient SFC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Yamaguchi
- Pharmaceutical & ADMET Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuji
- Pharmaceutical & ADMET Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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Nakayasu Y, Sokabe S, Hiraga Y, Watanabe M. A high-capacity, high-power organic electrode via supercritical CO 2 impregnation into activated carbon micropores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3079-3082. [PMID: 36807657 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06580k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the impregnation of chloranil into activated carbon micropores using scCO2. The sample prepared under 105 °C and 15 MPa showed a specific capacity of 81 mAh gelectrode-1, except for the electric double layer capacity at 1 A gelectrode-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-1. Additionally, approximately 90% of the capacity was retained even at 4 A gelectrode-PTFE-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakayasu
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan. .,Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aoba, Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shu Sokabe
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aoba, Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuya Hiraga
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aoba, Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masaru Watanabe
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aoba, Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Wuest B, Gavrilović I, Cowan D, Torre XDL, Botrè F, Parr MK. Analysis of doping control samples using supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Ready for routine use. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200880. [PMID: 36739523 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography is proving to be a good separation and sample preparation tool for various analytical applications and, as such, has gained the attention of the anti-doping community. Here, the applicability of supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry for routine doping control analysis was tested. A multi-analyte method was developed to cover 197 drugs and metabolites that are prohibited in sport. More than 1000 samples were analyzed by applying a "dilute and inject" approach after hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites. Additionally, a comparison with routinely used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with 250 of the 1000 samples and a number of past positive anti-doping samples. It revealed some features where supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was found to be complementary or advantageous to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for anti-doping purposes, such as better retention of analytes that are poorly retained in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Our results suggest that supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is sensitive (limit of detection <50% relevant minimum required performance level required by the World Anti-Doping Agency for anti-doping analysis), reproducible, robust, precise (analytes of interest area coefficient of variation <5%; retention time difference coefficient of variation <1%) and complementary to existing techniques currently used for routine analysis in the World Anti-Doping Agency accredited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Gavrilović
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy.,Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Si-Hung L, Izumi Y, Nakao M, Takahashi M, Bamba T. Investigation of supercritical fluid chromatography retention behaviors using quantitative structure-retention relationships. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1197:339463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Machida K, Kotani A, Hakamata H. Emerging Separation Techniques in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:970-975. [PMID: 34602578 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has unique separative characteristics distinguished from those of HPLC and gas chromatography. At present, SFC is widely used and there are many applications in various biological, medical, and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we focus on recently developed novel techniques related to SFC separation including: new column stationary phases, microfluidics, two-dimensional separation, and gas-liquid separation. In addition, we discuss the application of SFC using a water-containing modifier to biological molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and small proteins that had been challenging analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Koichi Machida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akira Kotani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hideki Hakamata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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Si‐Hung L, Bamba T. A review of retention mechanism studies for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:47-67. [PMID: 38715740 PMCID: PMC10989630 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has risen as a promising alternative separation technique to the conventional liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Although the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has many advantages compared to other chromatographic techniques, its separation mechanism is not fully understood due to the complex combination effects of many chromatographic parameters on separation quality and the lacking of global strategies for studying separation mechanisms. This review aims to provide recent information regarding the chromatographic behaviors and the effects of the parameters on the separation, discuss the results, and point out the remaining bottlenecks in the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography retention mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Si‐Hung
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of BioregulationKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of BioregulationKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Schoeny H, Rampler E, Hermann G, Grienke U, Rollinger JM, Koellensperger G. Preparative supercritical fluid chromatography for lipid class fractionation-a novel strategy in high-resolution mass spectrometry based lipidomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2365-2374. [PMID: 32130438 PMCID: PMC7118041 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a lipidomics workflow based on offline semi-preparative lipid class-specific fractionation by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry was introduced. The powerful SFC approach offered separation of a wide polarity range for lipids, enabled enrichment (up to 3 orders of magnitude) of lipids, selective fractionation of 14 lipid classes/subclasses, and increased dynamic range enabling in-depth characterization. A significantly increased coverage of low abundant lipids improving lipid identification by numbers and degree (species and molecular level) was obtained in Pichia pastoris when comparing high-resolution mass spectrometry based lipidomics with and without prior fractionation. Proof-of-principle experiments using a standard reference material (SRM 1950, NIST) for human plasma showed that the proposed strategy enabled quantitative lipidomics. Indeed, for 70 lipids, the consensus values available for this sample could be met. Thus, the novel workflow is ideally suited for lipid class-specific purification/isolation from milligram amounts of sample while not compromising on omics type of analysis (identification and quantification). Finally, compared with established fractionation/pre-concentration approaches, semi-preparative SFC is superior in terms of versatility, as it involved only volatile modifiers and salt additives facilitating any follow-up use such as qualitative or quantitate analysis or further purification down to the single lipid species level. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schoeny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerrit Hermann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- ISOtopic Solutions, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Alreshidi NA, Shah Z, Dawar A, Kumam P, Shutaywi M, Watthayu W. Brownian Motion and Thermophoresis Effects on MHD Three Dimensional Nanofluid Flow with Slip Conditions and Joule Dissipation Due to Porous Rotating Disk. Molecules 2020; 25:E729. [PMID: 32046124 PMCID: PMC7038164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the time independent and incompressible flow of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid through a porous rotating disc with velocity slip conditions. The mass and heat transmission with viscous dissipation is scrutinized. The proposed partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted to ordinary differential equation (ODEs) by mean of similarity variables. Analytical and numerical approaches are applied to examine the modeled problem and compared each other, which verify the validation of both approaches. The variation in the nanofluid flow due to physical parameters is revealed through graphs. It is witnessed that the fluid velocities decrease with the escalation in magnetic, velocity slip, and porosity parameters. The fluid temperature escalates with heightening in the Prandtl number, while other parameters have opposite impacts. The fluid concentration augments with the intensification in the thermophoresis parameter. The validity of the proposed model is presented through Tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Aedh Alreshidi
- College of Science Department of Mathematics Northern Border University, Arar 73222, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zahir Shah
- Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), SCL 802 Fixed Point Laboratory, Science Laboratory Building, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha-Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thrung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand;
| | - Abdullah Dawar
- Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Poom Kumam
- KMUTT Fixed Point Research Laboratory, Room SCL 802 Fixed Point Laboratory, Science Laboratory Building, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand;
- KMUTT-Fixed Point Theory and Applications Research Group, Theoretical and Computational Science Center (TaCS), Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meshal Shutaywi
- Department of Mathematics College of Science & Arts Rabigh, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wiboonsak Watthayu
- KMUTT Fixed Point Research Laboratory, Room SCL 802 Fixed Point Laboratory, Science Laboratory Building, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand;
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