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Luo L, Yang Y, Chen S, Zhang P, Zeng R. A Photoelectrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid with a Phenothiazine-Based Photosensitizer. Molecules 2024; 29:614. [PMID: 38338358 PMCID: PMC10856318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a photoelectrochemical sensor for hypochlorous acid (HOCl) detection, employing a phenothiazine-based organic photosensitizer (Dye-PZ). The designed probe, Dye-PZ, follows a D-π-A structure with phenothiazine as the electron-donating group and a cyano-substituted pyridine unit as the electron-accepting group. A specific reaction of the phenothiazine sulfur atom with HOCl enables selective recognition. The covalent immobilization of Dye-PZ onto a titanium dioxide nanorod-coated fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode (FTO/TiO2) using bromo-silane coupling agent (BrPTMS) resulted in the fabrication of the photoanode FTO/TiO2/BrPTMS/Dye-PZ. The photoanode exhibited a significant photoresponse under visible-light irradiation, with a subsequent reduction in photocurrent upon reaction with HOCl. The oxidation of the phenothiazine sulfur atom to a sulfoxide diminished the internal charge transfer (ICT) effect. Leveraging this principle, the successful photoelectrochemical sensing of HOCl was achieved. The sensor showed high stability, excellent reproducibility, and selective sensitivity for HOCl detection. Our study provides a novel approach for the development of efficient photoelectrochemical sensors based on organic photosensitizers, with promising applications in water quality monitoring and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Zhang X, Zhang F, Yang B, Liu B. A dual-site fluorescent probe for discriminately detecting low and high concentration of hypochlorite in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122823. [PMID: 37210853 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorite (ClO-) is an important bioactive molecule of living system which plays essential roles in many physiological and pathological processes. There is no doubt that the biological roles of ClO- depend highly on the concentration of ClO-. Unfortunately, the relationship between the concentration of ClO- and the biological process is unclear. Toward this purpose, in this work we addressed a core challenge for developing a powerful fluorescence tool for monitoring a wide concentration change (0-14 eq.) of ClO- via two distinct detection manners. The probe displayed fluorescence variation (red to green) upon addition of ClO- (0-4 eq.) and the color of test medium changed from red to colorless witnessed by the naked eyes. Surprisingly, in the presence of higher concentration of ClO- (4-14 eq.), the probe displayed another fluorescent signal change from green to blue. After demonstrating the excellent sensing properties of the probe with ClO- in vitro, it was successfully used to imaging different concentration of ClO- in living cells. We expected that the probe could act as an exciting chemistry tool for imaging of ClO- concentration-dependent oxidative stress event in biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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3
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Liu SZ, Xu JH, Ma QJ, Wang BY, Li LK, Zhu NN, Liu SY, Wang GG. A naphthalimide-based and Golgi-targetable fluorescence probe for quantifying hypochlorous acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121986. [PMID: 36265303 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a vital organelle in biological systems and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced during stress in the Golgi apparatus. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a significant reactive oxygen species and has strong oxidative and antibacterial activity, but excessive secretion of hypochlorous acid can affect Golgi structure or function abnormally, it will lead to a series of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and Parkinson's disease. In present work, a novel fluorescent probe for Golgi localization utilizing naphthalimide derivatives was constructed to detect hypochlorous acid. The fluorescent probe used a derivatived 1,8-naphthalimide as the emitting fluorescence group, phenylsulfonamide as the localization group and dimethylthiocarbamate as the sensing unit. When HOCl was absent, the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process of the developed probe was hindered and the probe exhibited a weak fluorescence. When HOCl was present, the ICT process occurred and the probe showed strong green fluorescence. When the HOCl concentration was altered from 5.0 × 10-7 to 1.0 × 10-5 mol·L-1, the fluorescence intensity of the probe well linearly correlated with the HOCl concentration. The detection limit of 5.7 × 10-8 mol·L-1 was obtained for HOCl. The HOCl fluorescent probe possessed a rapid reaction time, a high selectivity and a broad working pH scope. In addition, the probe possessed good biocompatibility and had been magnificently employed to image Golgi HOCl in Hela cells. These characteristics of the probe demonstrated its ability to be used for sensing endogenous and exogenous hypochlorous acids within the Golgi apparatus of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Jun-Hong Xu
- Department of Dynamical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, PR China
| | - Qiu-Juan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Bai-Yan Wang
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Lin-Ke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Shuang-Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Ge-Ge Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
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4
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A highly effective turn-on tanshinone IIA-based fluorescent probe for rapid and sensitive detection of ClO− and its application in environmental analysis and bioimaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Juan CA, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101735. [PMID: 36298601 PMCID: PMC9609844 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and halogen RHS) on innate immunity. The importance of these species in innate immunity was first recognized in phagocytes that underwent a “respiratory burst” after activation. The anion superoxide •O2− and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 are detrimental to the microbial population. NADPH oxidase NOx, as an •O2− producer is essential for microbial destruction, and patients lacking this functional oxidase are more susceptible to microbial infections. Reactive nitrogen species RNS (the most important are nitric oxide radical -•NO, peroxynitrite ONOO— and its derivatives), are also harmful to microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Hypochlorous acid HOCl and hypothiocyanous acid HOSCN synthesized through the enzyme myeloperoxidase MPO, which catalyzes the reaction between H2O2 and Cl− or SCN−, are important inorganic bactericidal molecules, effective against a wide range of microbes. This review also discusses the role of antimicrobial peptides AMPs and their induction of ROS. In summary, reactive species RS are the heart of the innate immune system, and they are necessary for microbial lysis in infections that can affect mammals throughout their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Chan C, Zhang W, Xue Z, Fang Y, Qiu F, Pan J, Tian J. Near-Infrared Photoacoustic Probe for Reversible Imaging of the ClO -/GSH Redox Cycle In Vivo. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5918-5926. [PMID: 35385655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis of the cellular redox status plays an indispensable role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Hypochlorite anion (ClO-) and glutathione (GSH) represent an important redox couple to reflect the redox status in living cells. The current cellular redox probes that detect either ClO- or GSH alone are not accurate enough to monitor the real redox status. In this work, a reversible photoacoustic (PA) probe, DiOH-BDP, has been synthesized and applied for PA imaging to monitor the ClO-/GSH couple redox state in an acute liver injury (ALI) model. The near-infrared PA probe DiOH-BDP features significant changes in absorption between 648 and 795 nm during the selective oxidation by ClO- and the reductive recovery of GSH, which exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward ClO- and GSH with the limits of detection of 77.7 nM and 7.2 μM, respectively. Additionally, using PA770 as a detection signal allows for the in situ monitoring of the ClO-/GSH couple, which realizes mapping of the localized redox status of the ALI by the virtue of a PA imaging system. Therefore, the probe provides a potentially technical tool to understand redox imbalance-related pathological formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Chan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoli Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Yang X, Wang Y, Shang Z, Zhang Z, Chi H, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Meng Q. Quinoline-based fluorescent probe for the detection and monitoring of hypochlorous acid in a rheumatoid arthritis model. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31656-31662. [PMID: 35496887 PMCID: PMC9041640 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective bioanalytical methods for the visualization of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in situ in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) directly contributes to better understanding the roles of HOCl in this disease. In this work, a new quinoline-based fluorescence probe (HQ) has been developed for the detection and visualization of a HOCl-mediated inflammatory response in a RA model. HQ possesses a donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) structure that was designed by conjugating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (electron donor) and 1-ethyl-4-methylquinolinium iodide (electron acceptor) through a C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C double bond. In the presence of HOCl, oxidation of phenol to benzoquinone led to the red-shift (93 nm) of the adsorption and intense quenching of the fluorescence emission. The proposed response reaction mechanism was verified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) titration analysis. The remarkable color changes of the HQ solution from pale yellow to pink enabled the application of HQ-stained chromatography plates for the “naked-eye” detection of HOCl in real-world water samples. HQ featured high selectivity and sensitivity (6.5 nM), fast response time (<25 s) to HOCl, reliability at different pH (3.0 to 11.5) and low cytotoxicity. HQ's application in biological systems was then demonstrated by the monitoring of HOCl-mediated treatment response to RA. This work thus provided a new tool for the detection and imaging of HOCl in inflammatory disorders. A quinoline-based fluorescent probe (HQ) has been designed and synthesized for the monitoring of HOCl-mediated treatment response of a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model and “naked-eye” detection of HOCl in real water samples.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5929627
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5929627
| | - Zhuye Shang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5929627
| | - Zexi Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Haijun Chi
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5928002
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5928002
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Qingtao Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning 114051 P. R. China +86-412-5929627
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Siraki AG. The many roles of myeloperoxidase: From inflammation and immunity to biomarkers, drug metabolism and drug discovery. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102109. [PMID: 34455146 PMCID: PMC8403760 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a practical guide to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and presents to the reader the diversity of its presence in biology. The review provides a historical background, from peroxidase activity to the discovery of MPO, to its role in disease and drug development. MPO is discussed in terms of its necessity, as specific individuals lack MPO expression. An underlying theme presented throughout brings up the question of the benefit and burden of MPO activity. Enzyme structure is discussed, including accurate masses and glycosylation sites. The catalytic cycle of MPO and its corresponding pathways are presented, with a discussion of the importance of the redox couples of the different states of MPO. Cell lines expressing MPO are discussed and practically summarized for the reader, and locations of MPO (primary and secondary) are provided. Useful methods of MPO detection are discussed, and how these can be used for studying disease processes are implied through the presentation of MPO as a biomarker. The presence of MPO in neutrophil extracellular traps is presented, and the activators of the former are provided. Lastly, the transition from drug metabolism to a target for drug development is where the review concludes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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9
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Morsby JJ, Dharmarwardana M, McGarraugh H, Smith BD. Supramolecular optimization of the visual contrast for colorimetric indicator assays that release resorufin dye. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9296-9299. [PMID: 32666982 PMCID: PMC7429340 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A tetralactam macrocycle acts as a novel supramolecular adjuvant to capture a released resorufin dye and create a higher contrasting yellow/blue color change for enhanced naked eye interpretation of a colorimetric indicator assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeala J Morsby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Madushani Dharmarwardana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Hannah McGarraugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Wu J, Sha J, Zhang C, Liu W, Zheng X, Wang P. Recent advances in theranostic agents based on natural products for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jie Sha
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Chuangli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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11
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Recent advances in the development of responsive probes for selective detection of cysteine. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ma Q, Wang C, Mao G, Tian M, Sun J, Feng S. An endoplasmic reticulum-targeting and ratiometric fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid in living cells based on a 1,8-naphthalimide derivative. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel reticulum-targeting and ratiometric fluorescent probe for determining hypochlorous acid has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujuan Ma
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
| | - Guojiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Meiju Tian
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
| | - Jingguo Sun
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
| | - Suxiang Feng
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
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