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Malpicci D, Maver D, Rosadoni E, Colombo A, Lucenti E, Marinotto D, Botta C, Bellina F, Cariati E, Forni A. 3-Ethynyltriimidazo[1,2- a:1',2'- c:1″,2″- e][1,3,5]triazine Dual Short- and Long-Lived Emissions with Crystallization-Enhanced Feature: Role of Hydrogen Bonds and π-π Interactions. Molecules 2024; 29:1967. [PMID: 38731457 PMCID: PMC11085060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic room temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) materials with stimuli-responsive, multicomponent emissive behaviour are extremely desirable for various applications. The derivative of cyclic triimidazole (TT) functionalized with an ethynyl group, TT-CCH, is isolated and investigated. The compound possesses crystallization-enhanced emission (CEE) comprising dual fluorescence and dual phosphorescence of both molecular and supramolecular origin with aggregation-induced components highly sensitive to grinding. The mechanisms involved in the emissions have been disclosed thanks to combined structural, spectroscopic and computational investigations. In particular, strong CH⋯N hydrogen bonds are deemed responsible, for the first time in the TT family, together with frequently observed π⋯π stacking interactions, for the aggregated fluorescence and phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Malpicci
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniele Maver
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Rosadoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy (F.B.)
| | - Alessia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lucenti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy (F.B.)
| | - Elena Cariati
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Crystallization-Enhanced Emission and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Cyclic Triimidazole-Monohexyl Thiophene Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010140. [PMID: 36615335 PMCID: PMC9822294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of organic room-temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) materials represents an active field of research due to their significant advantages with respect to their organometallic counterparts. Two cyclic triimidazole (TT) derivatives bearing one and three hexyl-thiophene moieties, TT-HThio and TT-(HThio)3, have been prepared and characterized. Both compounds display enhanced quantum yields in their crystalline form with respect to those in a solution state, revealing crystallization-enhanced emissive (CEE) behavior. Importantly, while single fluorescence is observed in solution, crystalline powders also feature dual ORTP, whose respective molecular and aggregate origins have been disclosed through X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT/TDDFT calculations. The relation between the photophysical properties of TT-HThio and its crystallinity degree has been confirmed by a decrease in photoluminescent quantum yield (Φ) and loss of vibronic resolution when its crystals are ground in a mortar, revealing mechanochromic behavior and confirming CEE features.
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Cyclic Triimidazoles as Stabilizers for Gene Promoter and Human Telomeric DNA G‐Quadruplexes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Previtali A, He W, Forni A, Malpicci D, Lucenti E, Marinotto D, Carlucci L, Mercandelli P, Ortenzi MA, Terraneo G, Botta C, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ, Cariati E. Tunable Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties from Room Temperature Phosphorescent Cyclic Triimidazole-Pyrene Bio-Probe. Chemistry 2021; 27:16690-16700. [PMID: 34634149 PMCID: PMC9297885 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organic materials with multiple emissions tunable by external stimuli represent a great challenge. TTPyr, crystallizing in different polymorphs, shows a very rich photophyisics comprising excitation-dependent fluorescence and phosphorescence at ambient conditions, and mechanochromic and thermochromic behavior. Transformation among the different species has been followed by thermal and X-ray diffraction analyses and the emissive features interpreted through structural results and DFT/TDDFT calculations. Particularly intriguing is the polymorph TTPyr(HT), serendipitously obtained at high temperature but stable also at room temperature, whose non-centrosymmetric structure guarantees an SHG efficiency 10 times higher than that of standard urea. Its crystal packing, where only the TT units are strongly rigidified by π-π stacking interactions while the Pyr moieties possess partial conformational freedom, is responsible for the observed dual fluorescence. The potentialities of TTPyr for bioimaging have been successfully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Previtali
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for, Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Malpicci
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lucenti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Carlucci
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mercandelli
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering, "Giulio Natta" Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ryan Tsz Kin Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for, Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky Wing Yip Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for, Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for, Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Elena Cariati
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Behera SK, Park SY, Gierschner J. Duale Emission: Klassen, Mechanismen und Bedingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Behera
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies IMDEA Nanociencia Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco C/ Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Soo Young Park
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM) Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University ENG 445 Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies IMDEA Nanociencia Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco C/ Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spanien
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Giannini C, Forni A, Malpicci D, Lucenti E, Marinotto D, Previtali A, Carlucci L, Cariati E. Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Organic Materials: Unravelling the Emissive Behaviour of Chloro‐Substituted Derivatives of Cyclic Triimidazole. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Giannini
- Dept. of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Malpicci
- Dept. of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Elena Lucenti
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Previtali
- Dept. of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Lucia Carlucci
- Dept. of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Elena Cariati
- Dept. of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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Malpicci D, Lucenti E, Forni A, Marinotto D, Previtali A, Carlucci L, Mercandelli P, Botta C, Righetto S, Cariati E. Ag( i) and Cu( i) cyclic-triimidazole coordination polymers: revealing different deactivation channels for multiple room temperature phosphorescences. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of isostructural Ag(i) and Cu(i) 1D and 3D coordination polymers based on cyclic triimidazole reveals excitation wavelength-dependent multiple emissions with different radiative paths according to the coordinated metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Malpicci
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Elena Lucenti
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Previtali
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR
| | - Lucia Carlucci
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mercandelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Stefania Righetto
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Elena Cariati
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR
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Behera SK, Park SY, Gierschner J. Dual Emission: Classes, Mechanisms, and Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:22624-22638. [PMID: 32783293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been much interest in dual-emission materials in the past few years for materials and life science applications; however, a systematic overview of the underlying processes is so-far missing. We resolve this issue herein by classifying dual-emission (DE) phenomena as relying on one emitter with two emitting states (DE1), two independent emitters (DE2), or two correlated emitters (DE3). Relevant DE mechanisms for materials science are then briefly described together with the electronic and/or geometrical conditions under which they occur. For further reading, references are given that offer detailed insight into the complex mechanistic aspects of the various DE processes or provide overviews on materials families or their applications. By avoiding ambiguities and misinterpretations, this systematic, insightful Review might inspire future targeted designs of DE materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Behera
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/ Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soo Young Park
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, ENG 445, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/ Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Lucenti E, Forni A, Previtali A, Marinotto D, Malpicci D, Righetto S, Giannini C, Virgili T, Kabacinski P, Ganzer L, Giovanella U, Botta C, Cariati E. Unravelling the intricate photophysical behavior of 3-(pyridin-2-yl)triimidazotriazine AIE and RTP polymorphs. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7599-7608. [PMID: 33033610 PMCID: PMC7504899 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of purely organic materials showing multicolor fluorescent and phosphorescent behaviour represents a formidable challenge in view of practical applications. Herein the rich photophysical behaviour of 3-(pyridin-2-yl)triimidazotriazine (TT-Py) organic molecule, comprising excitation-dependent fluorescence and phosphorescence under ambient conditions in both blended films and the crystalline phase, is investigated by means of steady state, time resolved and ultrafast spectroscopies and interpreted on the basis of X-ray diffraction studies and DFT/TDDFT calculations. In particular, by proper excitation wavelength, dual fluorescence and dual phosphorescence of molecular origin can be observed together with low energy phosphorescences resulting from aggregate species. It is demonstrated that the multiple emission properties originate from the copresence, in the investigated system, of an extended polycyclic nitrogen-rich moiety (TT), strongly rigidified by π-π stacking interactions and short C-H···N hydrogen bonds, and a fragment (Py) having partial conformational freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucenti
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ;
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ;
| | - Andrea Previtali
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Università degli Studi di Milano , INSTM RU , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ;
| | - Daniele Malpicci
- Department of Chemistry , Università degli Studi di Milano , INSTM RU , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Stefania Righetto
- Department of Chemistry , Università degli Studi di Milano , INSTM RU , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Clelia Giannini
- Department of Chemistry , Università degli Studi di Milano , INSTM RU , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Tersilla Virgili
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Piotr Kabacinski
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - Chiara Botta
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - Elena Cariati
- Institute of Sciences and Chemical Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) of CNR , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Università degli Studi di Milano , INSTM RU , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
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