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Comanescu C, Racovita RC. An Overview of Degradation Strategies for Amitriptyline. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3822. [PMID: 38612638 PMCID: PMC11012176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of mental health disorders, but their efficacy and safety can be compromised by drug degradation. Recent reports point to several drugs found in concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (LOD) to hundreds of ng/L in wastewater plants around the globe; hence, antidepressants can be considered emerging pollutants with potential consequences for human health and wellbeing. Understanding and implementing effective degradation strategies are essential not only to ensure the stability and potency of these medications but also for their safe disposal in line with current environment remediation goals. This review provides an overview of degradation pathways for amitriptyline, a typical tricyclic antidepressant drug, by exploring chemical routes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and photodegradation. Connex issues such as stability-enhancing approaches through formulation and packaging considerations, regulatory guidelines, and quality control measures are also briefly noted. Specific case studies of amitriptyline degradation pathways forecast the future perspectives and challenges in this field, helping researchers and pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide guidelines for the most effective degradation pathways employed for minimal environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Comanescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Wang A, Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Jin R, Liu J, He Z, Jia M, Gao J, Guo C. Performance and Mechanism of Chlorine Dioxide on BTEX Removal in Liquid and Indoor Air. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114342. [PMID: 37298823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of the chemical industry, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) have gradually become the major indoor air pollutants. Various gas treatment techniques are widely used to prevent the physical and mental health hazards of BTEX in semi-enclosed spaces. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an alternative to chlorine as a secondary disinfectant with a strong oxidation ability, a wide range of action, and no carcinogenic effects. In addition, ClO2 has a unique permeability which allows it to eliminate volatile contaminants from the source. However, little attention has been paid to the removal of BTEX by ClO2, due to the difficulty of removing BTEX in semi-enclosed areas and the lack of testing methods for the reaction intermediates. Therefore, this study explored the performance of ClO2 advanced oxidation technology on both liquid and gaseous benzene, toluene, o-xylene, and m-xylene. The results showed that ClO2 was efficient in the removal of BTEX. The byproducts were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the reaction mechanism was speculated using the ab initio molecular orbital calculations method. The results demonstrated that ClO2 could remove the BTEX from the water and the air without causing secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Wang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yina Qiao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yufan Zhang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Riya Jin
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jiaoqin Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zengdi He
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Mengye Jia
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jingshuai Gao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Chengjie Guo
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Angyal D, Fábián I, Szabó M. Kinetic Role of Reactive Intermediates in Controlling the Formation of Chlorine Dioxide in the Hypochlorous Acid-Chlorite Ion Reaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5426-5434. [PMID: 36977487 PMCID: PMC10091416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
An advanced experimental protocol is reported for studying the kinetics and mechanism of the complex redox reaction between chlorite ion and hypochlorous acid under acidic condition. The formation of ClO2 is followed directly by the classical two-component stopped-flow method. In sequential stopped-flow experiments, the target reaction is chemically quenched using NaI solution and the concentration of each reactant and product is monitored as a function of time by utilizing the principles of kinetic discrimination. Thus, in contrast to earlier studies, not only the formation of one of the products but the decay of the reactants was also directly followed. This approach provides a firm basis for postulating a detailed mechanism for the interpretation of the experimental results under a variety of conditions. The intimate details of the reaction are explored by simultaneously fitting 78 kinetic traces, i.e., the concentration vs. time profiles of ClO2-, HOCl, and ClO2, to an 11-step kinetic model. The most important reaction steps were identified, and it was shown that two reactive intermediates have a pivotal role in the mechanism. While chlorate ion predominantly forms via the reaction of Cl2O, chlorine dioxide is exclusively produced in reaction steps involving Cl2O2. This study leads to clear conclusions on how to control the stoichiometry of the reaction and achieve optimum conditions to produce chlorine dioxide and to reduce the formation of the toxic chlorate ion in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Angyal
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Mária Szabó
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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Identification of Photodegradation Products of Escitalopram in Surface Water by HPLC-MS/MS and Preliminary Characterization of Their Potential Impact on the Environment. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The study concerns the photodegradation of the antidepressant escitalopram (ESC), the S-enantiomer of the citalopram raceme, both in ultrapure and surface water, considering the contribution of indirect photolysis through the presence of nitrate and bicarbonate. The effect of nitrate and bicarbonate concentrations was investigated by full factorial design, and only the nitrate concentration resulted in having a significant effect on the degradation. The kinetics of ESC photodegradation is the pseudo-first-order (half-life = 62.4 h in ultrapure water and 48.4 h in lake water). The generation of transformation products (TPs) was monitored through a developed and validated HPLC-MS/MS method. Fourteen TPs were identified in ultrapure water (one of them, at m/z 261, for the first time) and other two TPs at m/z 327 (found for the first time in this study) were identified only in presence of a nitrate. Several TPs were the same as those formed during the photodegradation of citalopram. The photodegradation pathway of ESC and its mechanism of degradation in water is proposed. The method was applied successfully to the analyses of surface water samples, in which a few dozen of ng L−1 of ESC was determined together with the presence of TP2, TP5 and TP12. Finally, a preliminary in silico evaluation of the toxicological profile and environmental behavior of TPs by computational models was carried out; two TPs (TP4 and TP10) were identified as of potential concern, as they were predicted mutagenic by Ames test model.
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Azmi SNH, Al Lawati WM, Al Hoqani UHA, Al Aufi E, Al Hatmi K, Al Zadjali JS, Rahman N, Nasir M, Rahman H, Khan SA. Development of a Citric-Acid-Modified Cellulose Adsorbent Derived from Moringa peregrina Leaf for Adsorptive Removal of Citalopram HBr in Aqueous Solutions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060760. [PMID: 35745679 PMCID: PMC9227232 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A citric-acid-modified Moringa peregrina leaf substrate was prepared and studied as an effective adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of citalopram HBr (CTM). FTIR spectra were utilized to characterize the prepared solid. The effects of experimental variables on the percentage removal of citalopram HBr were investigated using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions selected for removal of CTM were 7 and 4 min, 0.17 g per 50 mL and 35 mg·L−1 for pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of CTM, respectively. Under the optimized experimental conditions, 82.59% CTM (35 mg·L−1) was removed. The Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, pseudo second-order kinetic model and diffusion-chemisorption model explained the adsorption data successfully. The maximum adsorption capacity at 298 K was 8.58 mg·g−1. A thermodynamic study illustrated that CTM adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Najmul Hejaz Azmi
- Applied Sciences Department (Chemistry Section), Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Muscat P.O. Box 74, Oman; (W.M.A.L.); (E.A.A.); (K.A.H.); (J.S.A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +968-24473733
| | - Wafa Mustafa Al Lawati
- Applied Sciences Department (Chemistry Section), Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Muscat P.O. Box 74, Oman; (W.M.A.L.); (E.A.A.); (K.A.H.); (J.S.A.Z.)
| | - Umaima Hamed Abdullah Al Hoqani
- Applied Sciences Department (Biology Section), Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Muscat P.O. Box 74, Oman;
| | - Ekhlas Al Aufi
- Applied Sciences Department (Chemistry Section), Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Muscat P.O. Box 74, Oman; (W.M.A.L.); (E.A.A.); (K.A.H.); (J.S.A.Z.)
| | - Khalsa Al Hatmi
- Applied Sciences Department (Chemistry Section), Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Muscat P.O. Box 74, Oman; (W.M.A.L.); (E.A.A.); (K.A.H.); (J.S.A.Z.)
| | - Jumana Salim Al Zadjali
- Applied Sciences Department (Chemistry Section), Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Muscat P.O. Box 74, Oman; (W.M.A.L.); (E.A.A.); (K.A.H.); (J.S.A.Z.)
| | - Nafisur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (N.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Mohd Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (N.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box 10099, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shah A. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC 130, Muscat P.O. Box 620, Oman;
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