1
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Kang J, Jayaraman A, Antaki JF, Kirby B. Shear Histories Alter Local Shear Effects on Thrombus Nucleation and Growth. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1039-1050. [PMID: 38319505 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine the impact of physiological and pathological shear histories on platelet nucleation and thrombus growth at various local shear rates. We designed and characterized a microfluidic device capable of subjecting platelets to shear histories reaching as high as 6700 s- 1 in a single passage. Time-lapse videos of platelets and thrombi are captured using fluorescence microscopy. Thrombi are tracked, and the degree of thrombosis is evaluated through surface coverage, platelet nucleation maps, and ensemble-averaged aggregate areas and intensities. Surface coverage rates were the lowest when platelets deposited at high shear rates following a pathological shear history and were highest at low shear rates following a pathological shear history. Early aggregate area growth rates were significantly larger for thrombi developing at high shear following physiological shear history than at high shear following a pathological shear history. Aggregate vertical growth was restricted when depositing at low shear following a pathological shear history. In contrast, thrombi grew faster vertically following physiological shear histories. These results show that physiological shear histories pose thrombotic risks via volumetric growth, and pathological shear histories drastically promote nucleation. These findings may inform region-based geometries for biomedical devices and refine thrombosis simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyuk Kang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Anjana Jayaraman
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian Kirby
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Al-Tamimi M, El-sallaq M, Altarawneh S, Qaqish A, Ayoub M. Development of Novel Paper-Based Assay for Direct Serum Separation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20370-20378. [PMID: 37332822 PMCID: PMC10268636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Many conventional laboratory tests require serum separation using a clot activator/gel tube, followed by centrifugation in an equipped laboratory. The aim of this study is development of novel, equipment-free, paper-based assay for direct and efficient serum separation. Methods: Fresh blood was directly applied to wax-channeled filter paper treated with clotting activator/s and then observed for serum separation. The purity, efficiency, recovery, reproducibility, and applicability of the assay were validated after optimization. Results: Serum was successfully separated using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) reagent and calcium chloride-treated wax-channeled filter paper within 2 min. The assay was optimized using different coagulation activators, paper types, blood collection methods, and incubation conditions. Confirmation of serum separation from cellular components was achieved by direct visualization of the yellow serum band, microscopic imaging of the pure serum band, and absence of blood cells in recovered serum samples. Successful clotting was evaluated by the absence of clotting of recovered serum by prolonged prothrombin time and APTT, absence of fibrin degradation products, and absence of Staphylococcus aureus-induced coagulation. Absence of hemolysis was confirmed by undetectable hemoglobin from recovered serum bands. The applicability of serum separated in paper was tested directly by positive color change on paper using bicinchoninic acid protein reagent, on recovered serum samples treated with Biuret and Bradford reagents in tubes, or measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone and urea compared to standard serum samples. Serum was separated using the paper-based assay from 40 voluntary donors and from the same donor for 15 days to confirm reproducibility. Dryness of coagulants in paper prevents serum separation that can be re-stored by a re-wetting step. Conclusions: Paper-based serum separation allows for development of sample-to-answer paper-based point-of-care tests or simple and direct blood sampling for routine diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Mariam El-sallaq
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Shahed Altarawneh
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Arwa Qaqish
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Mai Ayoub
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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3
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Zeng Z, Christodoulides A, Alves NJ. Real-time tracking of fibrinolysis under constant wall shear and various pulsatile flows in an in-vitro thrombolysis model. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10511. [PMID: 37206217 PMCID: PMC10189439 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A great need exists for the development of a more representative in-vitro model to efficiently screen novel thrombolytic therapies. We herein report the design, validation, and characterization of a highly reproducible, physiological scale, flowing clot lysis platform with real-time fibrinolysis monitoring to screen thrombolytic drugs utilizing a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled clot analog. Using this Real-Time Fluorometric Flowing Fibrinolysis assay (RT-FluFF assay), a tPa-dependent degree of thrombolysis was observed both via clot mass loss as well as fluorometrically monitored release of FITC-labeled fibrin degradation products. Percent clot mass loss ranged from 33.6% to 85.9% with fluorescence release rates of 0.53 to 1.17 RFU/min in 40 and 1000 ng/mL tPa conditions, respectively. The platform is easily adapted to produce pulsatile flows. Hemodynamics of human main pulmonary artery were mimicked through matching dimensionless flow parameters calculated using clinical data. Increasing pressure amplitude range (4-40 mmHg) results in a 20% increase of fibrinolysis at 1000 ng/mL tPA. Increasing shear flow rate (205-913 s-1) significantly increases fibrinolysis and mechanical digestion. These findings suggest pulsatile level affects thrombolytic drug activities and the proposed in-vitro clot model offers a versatile testing platform for thrombolytic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Zeng
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Alexei Christodoulides
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Nathan J. Alves
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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4
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Satta S, Shahabipour F, Gao W, Lentz SR, Perlman S, Ashammakhi N, Hsiai T. Engineering viral genomics and nano-liposomes in microfluidic platforms for patient-specific analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Theranostics 2022; 12:4779-4790. [PMID: 35832078 PMCID: PMC9254234 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuing to spread globally, contributing to the persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing resources have been focused on developing vaccines and therapeutics that target the Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Recent advances in microfluidics have the potential to recapitulate viral infection in the organ-specific platforms, known as organ-on-a-chip (OoC), in which binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of the host cells occurs. As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers, there remains an unmet need to screen emerging mutations, to predict viral transmissibility and pathogenicity, and to assess the strength of neutralizing antibodies following vaccination or reinfection. Conventional detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants relies on two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture methods, whereas simulating the micro-environment requires three-dimensional (3-D) systems. To this end, analyzing SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenicity via microfluidic platforms minimizes the experimental cost, duration, and optimization needed for animal studies, and obviates the ethical concerns associated with the use of primates. In this context, this review highlights the state-of-the-art strategy to engineer the nano-liposomes that can be conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations or genomic sequences in the microfluidic platforms; thereby, allowing for screening the rising SARS-CoV-2 variants and predicting COVID-19-associated coagulation. Furthermore, introducing viral genomics to the patient-specific blood accelerates the discovery of therapeutic targets in the face of evolving viral variants, including B1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617.2 (Delta), c.37 (Lambda), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Thus, engineering nano-liposomes to encapsulate SARS-CoV-2 viral genomic sequences enables rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the long COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Satta
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fahimeh Shahabipour
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wei Gao
- Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA
| | - Steven R. Lentz
- Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Mutch NJ, Walters S, Gardiner EE, McCarty OJT, De Meyer SF, Schroeder V, Meijers JCM. Basic science research opportunities in thrombosis and hemostasis: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1496-1506. [PMID: 35352482 PMCID: PMC9325489 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bleeding and thrombosis are major clinical problems with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment modalities for these diseases have improved in recent years, but there are many clinical questions remaining and a need to advance diagnosis, management, and therapeutic options. Basic research plays a fundamental role in understanding normal and disease processes, yet this sector has observed a steady decline in funding prospects thereby hindering support for studies of mechanisms of disease and therapeutic development opportunities. With the financial constraints faced by basic scientists, the ISTH organized a basic science task force (BSTF), comprising Scientific and Standardization Committee subcommittee chairs and co-chairs, to identify research opportunities for basic science in hemostasis and thrombosis. The goal of the BSTF was to develop a set of recommended priorities to build support in the thrombosis and hemostasis community and to inform ISTH basic science programs and policy making. The BSTF identified three principal opportunity areas that were of significant overarching relevance: mechanisms causing bleeding, innate immunity and thrombosis, and venous thrombosis. Within these, five fundamental research areas were highlighted: blood rheology, platelet biogenesis, cellular contributions to thrombosis and hemostasis, structure-function protein analyses, and visualization of hemostasis. This position paper discusses the importance and relevance of these opportunities and research areas, and the rationale for their inclusion. These findings have implications for the future of fundamental research in thrombosis and hemostasis to make transformative scientific discoveries and tackle key clinical questions. This will permit better understanding, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hemostatic and thrombotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes CentreInstitute of Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Elizabeth E. Gardiner
- John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Simon F. De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis ResearchKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Joost C. M. Meijers
- Department of Molecular HematologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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6
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Bhardwaj T, Ramana LN, Sharma TK. Current Advancements and Future Road Map to Develop ASSURED Microfluidic Biosensors for Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050357. [PMID: 35624657 PMCID: PMC9139021 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Bhardwaj
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gujarat International Finance and Tec (GIFT) City, Gandhinagar 382355, India
- Correspondence:
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7
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Organ-on-a-Chip: Design and Simulation of Various Microfluidic Channel Geometries for the Influence of Fluid Dynamic Parameters. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shear stress, pressure, and flow rate are fluid dynamic parameters that can lead to changes in the morphology, proliferation, function, and survival of many cell types and have a determinant impact on tissue function and viability. Microfluidic devices are promising tools to investigate these parameters and fluid behaviour within different microchannel geometries. This study discusses and analyses different designed microfluidic channel geometries regarding the influence of fluid dynamic parameters on their microenvironment at specified fluidic parameters. The results demonstrate that in the circular microchamber, the velocity and shear stress profiles assume a parabolic shape with a maximum velocity occurring in the centre of the chamber and a minimum velocity at the walls. The longitudinal microchannel shows a uniform velocity and shear stress profile throughout the microchannel. Simulation studies for the two geometries with three parallel microchannels showed that in proximity to the micropillars, the velocity and shear stress profiles decreased. Moreover, the pressure is inversely proportional to the width and directly proportional to the flow rate within the microfluidic channels. The simulations showed that the velocity and wall shear stress indicated different values at different flow rates. It was also found that the width and height of the microfluidic channels could affect both velocity and shear stress profiles, contributing to the control of shear stress. The study has demonstrated strategies to predict and control the effects of these forces and the potential as an alternative to conventional cell culture as well as to recapitulate the cell- and organ-specific microenvironment.
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8
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Chan J, Michaelsen K, Estergreen JK, Sabath DE, Gollakota S. Micro-mechanical blood clot testing using smartphones. Nat Commun 2022; 13:831. [PMID: 35149711 PMCID: PMC8837659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) testing is critical for millions of people on lifelong anticoagulation with warfarin. Currently, testing is performed in hospital laboratories or with expensive point-of-care devices limiting the ability to test frequently and affordably. We report a proof-of-concept PT/INR testing system that uses the vibration motor and camera on smartphones to track micro-mechanical movements of a copper particle. The smartphone system computed the PT/INR with inter-class correlation coefficients of 0.963 and 0.966, compared to a clinical-grade coagulation analyzer for 140 plasma samples and demonstrated similar results for 80 whole blood samples using a single drop of blood (10 μl). When tested with 79 blood samples with coagulopathic conditions, the smartphone system demonstrated a correlation of 0.974 for both PT/INR. Given the ubiquity of smartphones in the global setting, this proof-of-concept technology may provide affordable and effective PT and INR testing in low-resource environments. Therapy with anticoagulants requires frequent monitoring. Here the authors describe a proof-of-concept study of a simple and affordable blood clot test that uses a smartphone’s vibration motor and camera to track micro-movements in a single drop of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chan
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kelly Michaelsen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Joanne K Estergreen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel E Sabath
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shyamnath Gollakota
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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9
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Sun AM, Hoffman T, Luu BQ, Ashammakhi N, Li S. Application of lung microphysiological systems to COVID-19 modeling and drug discovery: a review. Biodes Manuf 2021; 4:757-775. [PMID: 34178414 PMCID: PMC8213042 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for effective therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The process of drug development is a costly and meticulously paced process, where progress is often hindered by the failure of initially promising leads. To aid this challenge, in vitro human microphysiological systems need to be refined and adapted for mechanistic studies and drug screening, thereby saving valuable time and resources during a pandemic crisis. The SARS-CoV-2 virus attacks the lung, an organ where the unique three-dimensional (3D) structure of its functional units is critical for proper respiratory function. The in vitro lung models essentially recapitulate the distinct tissue structure and the dynamic mechanical and biological interactions between different cell types. Current model systems include Transwell, organoid and organ-on-a-chip or microphysiological systems (MPSs). We review models that have direct relevance toward modeling the pathology of COVID-19, including the processes of inflammation, edema, coagulation, as well as lung immune function. We also consider the practical issues that may influence the design and fabrication of MPS. The role of lung MPS is addressed in the context of multi-organ models, and it is discussed how high-throughput screening and artificial intelligence can be integrated with lung MPS to accelerate drug development for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argus M. Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- UC San Diego Healthcare, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Bao Q. Luu
- Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Scripps Green Hospital, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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10
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Kucukal E, Man Y, Gurkan UA, Schmidt BE. Blood Flow Velocimetry in a Microchannel During Coagulation Using Particle Image Velocimetry and Wavelet-Based Optical Flow Velocimetry. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:1105252. [PMID: 33764427 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article describes novel measurements of the velocity of whole blood flow in a microchannel during coagulation. The blood is imaged volumetrically using a simple optical setup involving a white light source and a microscope camera. The images are processed using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and wavelet-based optical flow velocimetry (wOFV), both of which use images of individual blood cells as flow tracers. Measurements of several clinically relevant parameters such as the clotting time, decay rate, and blockage ratio are computed. The high-resolution wOFV results yield highly detailed information regarding thrombus formation and corresponding flow evolution that is the first of its kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kucukal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Y Man
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Warren E. Rupp Associate Professor Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - B E Schmidt
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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11
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Rezaei B, Moghimi Zand M, Javidi R. Numerical simulation of critical particle size in asymmetrical deterministic lateral displacement. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462216. [PMID: 34034107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics devices are widely used for particle separation. Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) is a passive method for particle separation. DLD devices mainly separate particles based on their sizes. There are two main modes of movement in DLD arrays; the small particles move in a zigzag path, and the larger particles separate in the displacement mode. It is therefore important to estimate the critical particle size for the transition of modes before the fabrication of DLD devices. Asymmetry in the design of the arrays can affect the fluid behavior and the critical particle size. In this study, we investigate the effects of the asymmetry caused by changing the downstream gap size to the lateral gap size ratio on the fluid behavior and particle trajectories in DLD devices. We used two dimensional (2D) Finite Element Method (FEM) to study the variations in the flow lane's widths and combined the fluid analysis with structural mechanics to model the contact between the particles and the posts in DLD arrays. We simulated the spherical particles' trajectories with diameters ranging from 1.4 to 19.2 μm in circular post DLD arrays with a lateral gap size of 20μm. In contrast to the previous works, in these simulations, the effect of particle movement on the fluid flow profiles was considered. We evaluated the particle movement mode in seven different values of the downstream gap size to the lateral gap size ratio (ranging from 0.5 to 2) and eight different row shift fraction (ranging from 0.025 to 0.3). Our simulations showed that increasing the value of the downstream gap while the lateral gap is fixed increases the veering flow rate and width. By finding the particle with the largest diameter in the zigzag mode and the particle with the smallest diameter in the displacement mode, we estimated the critical particle diameter for each value of shift fraction in different values of the downstream gap to the lateral gap size ratio. Using these data, a curve was fitted for predicting the critical particle diameter in each ratio. Finally, a more general form of the formula for the critical particle diameter was proposed, which considers an extra parameter compared to the previous ones. The results of this study can lead to a better understanding of DLD devices' functions and, thus, save time and costs for better designs and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rezaei
- Small Medical Devices, BioMEMS & LoC Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-463, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moghimi Zand
- Small Medical Devices, BioMEMS & LoC Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-463, Iran.
| | - Reza Javidi
- Small Medical Devices, BioMEMS & LoC Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-463, Iran
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12
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Douxfils J, Adcock DM, Bates SM, Favaloro EJ, Gouin-Thibault I, Guillermo C, Kawai Y, Lindhoff-Last E, Kitchen S, Gosselin RC. 2021 Update of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology Recommendations for Laboratory Measurement of Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1008-1020. [PMID: 33742436 DOI: 10.1055/a-1450-8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) published a consensus document providing guidance for laboratories on measuring direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Since that publication, several significant changes related to DOACs have occurred, including the approval of a new DOAC by the Food and Drug Administration, betrixaban, and a specific DOAC reversal agent intended for use when the reversal of anticoagulation with apixaban or rivaroxaban is needed due to life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding, andexanet alfa. In addition, this ICSH Working Party recognized areas where additional information was warranted, including patient population considerations and updates in point-of-care testing. The information in this manuscript supplements our previous ICSH DOAC laboratory guidance document. The recommendations provided are based on (1) information from peer-reviewed publications about laboratory measurement of DOACs, (2) contributing author's personal experience/expert opinion and (3) good laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy-Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Qualiblood SA, Namur, Belgium
| | - Dorothy M Adcock
- Laboratory Corporation of America, Burlington North Carolina, United States
| | - Shannon M Bates
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Sydney Centres for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Cecilia Guillermo
- Hospital de Clínicas "Dr Manuel Quintela," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yohko Kawai
- Sanno Hospital, Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Edelgard Lindhoff-Last
- Cardiology Angiology Center Bethanien, CCB Vascular Center, CCB Coagulation Center, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Steve Kitchen
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Coagulation Sheffield, South Yorks, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Gosselin
- Hemophilia Treatment Center, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, United States
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13
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Karimi S, Mojaddam M, Majidi S, Mehrdel P, Farré-Lladós J, Casals-Terré J. Numerical and experimental analysis of a high-throughput blood plasma separator for point-of-care applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2867-2878. [PMID: 33686478 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood plasma separation from undiluted blood is an essential step in many diagnostic procedures. This study focuses on the numerical optimization of the microfluidic blood plasma separator (BPS) and experimental validation of the results to achieve portable blood plasma separation with high purity and reasonable yield. The proposed design has two parts: a microchannel for blood processing and a tank below the aforementioned main channel for plasma collection. The study uses 3D computational fluid dynamic analysis to investigate the optimal ratio of heights between the top microchannel and the tank and their geometry at various flow rates. Thereafter, the results are compared with the experimental findings of the fabricated devices. These results are contrasted with some recent reported works to verify the proposed device's contribution to the improvement in the quality and quantity of the extracted plasma. The optimized design is capable of achieving a 19% yield with purity of 77.1%, depending on the requirement of the point-of-care (POC) application. These amounts could be tuned, for instance to 100% pure plasma, but the yield would decrease to 9%. In this study, the candidate application is hemostasis; therefore, the BPS is integrated to a biomimetic surface for hemostasis evaluation near the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Karimi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Mojaddam
- Faculty of mechanical and energy engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 16765-1719, Iran
| | - Sahand Majidi
- Faculty of mechanical and energy engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 16765-1719, Iran
| | - Pouya Mehrdel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Farré-Lladós
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Temirel M, Dabbagh SR, Tasoglu S. Hemp-Based Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020182. [PMID: 33673025 PMCID: PMC7917756 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemp is a sustainable, recyclable, and high-yield annual crop that can be used to produce textiles, plastics, composites, concrete, fibers, biofuels, bionutrients, and paper. The integration of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) with hemp paper can improve the environmental friendliness and high-throughputness of µPADs. However, there is a lack of sufficient scientific studies exploring the functionality, pros, and cons of hemp as a substrate for µPADs. Herein, we used a desktop pen plotter and commercial markers to pattern hydrophobic barriers on hemp paper, in a single step, in order to characterize the ability of markers to form water-resistant patterns on hemp. In addition, since a higher resolution results in densely packed, cost-effective devices with a minimized need for costly reagents, we examined the smallest and thinnest water-resistant patterns plottable on hemp-based papers. Furthermore, the wicking speed and distance of fluids with different viscosities on Whatman No. 1 and hemp papers were compared. Additionally, the wettability of hemp and Whatman grade 1 paper was compared by measuring their contact angles. Besides, the effects of various channel sizes, as well as the number of branches, on the wicking distance of the channeled hemp paper was studied. The governing equations for the wicking distance on channels with laser-cut and hydrophobic side boundaries are presented and were evaluated with our experimental data, elucidating the applicability of the modified Washburn equation for modeling the wicking distance of fluids on hemp paper-based microfluidic devices. Finally, we validated hemp paper as a substrate for the detection and analysis of the potassium concentration in artificial urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Temirel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34470, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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