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Blázquez-Tapias B, Halder S, Mendiola MA, Roy N, Sahu N, Sinha C, Jana K, López-Torres E. New Tin (IV) and Organotin (IV) Complexes with a Hybrid Thiosemicarbazone/Hydrazone Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Antiproliferative Activity. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2024; 2024:1018375. [PMID: 38601021 PMCID: PMC11006503 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1018375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the search for new chemotherapeutic agents with low toxicity and high selectivity is a major concern. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a hybrid thiosemicarbazone/hydrazone ligand in its neutral form (L1H2) and as the chloride salt ([L1H3]Cl)-, three diorganotin (IV) complexes, and one complex with Sn (IV). The compounds have been fully characterized by IR, mass spectra, 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR, 119Sn CP/MAS NMR, and by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The organotin compounds have the empirical formula [SnR2L1] (R = Me, Bu, and Ph), but in the solid state, they are polymeric species with seven coordination number due to weak coordination of the pyridine nitrogen, whereas in solution, the polymeric structure is lost to afford hexacoordinate monomeric species. Reaction with SnI4 yields complex [Sn (L1)2]·EtOH, with the metal in a distorted dodecahedral arrangement. We have evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the two forms of the ligands and the four coordination compounds against MDA-MB-231, HeLa, PC3, and HepG2 cancer cell lines, and WI-38 normal cell line, and all the compounds present higher activity than cisplatin, used as the standard control. To investigate the mode of action, we have selected the most active complex, containing phenyl substituents, and used the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The results show that the complex induces apoptotic cell death promoted by generation of reactive oxygen species and by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Blázquez-Tapias
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Satyajit Halder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 056, India
| | - M. Antonia Mendiola
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Nivedita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Nilima Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | | | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 056, India
| | - Elena López-Torres
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Abd Aziz NA, Awang N, Chan KM, Kamaludin NF, Mohamad Anuar NN. Organotin (IV) Dithiocarbamate Compounds as Anticancer Agents: A Review of Syntheses and Cytotoxicity Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:5841. [PMID: 37570810 PMCID: PMC10421081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate has recently received attention as a therapeutic agent among organotin (IV) compounds. The individual properties of the organotin (IV) and dithiocarbamate moieties in the hybrid complex form a synergy of action that stimulates increased biological activity. Organotin (IV) components have been shown to play a crucial role in cytotoxicity. The biological effects of organotin compounds are believed to be influenced by the number of Sn-C bonds and the number and nature of alkyl or aryl substituents within the organotin structure. Ligands target and react with molecules while preventing unwanted changes in the biomolecules. Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have also been shown to have a broad range of cellular, biochemical, and molecular effects, with their toxicity largely determined by their structure. Continuing the investigation of the cytotoxicity of organotin (IV) dithiocarbamates, this mini-review delves into the appropriate method for synthesis and discusses the elemental and spectroscopic analyses and potential cytotoxic effects of these compounds from articles published since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Normah Awang
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.A.A.A.); (K.M.C.); (N.F.K.); (N.N.M.A.)
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Kirf D, Costlow R, Nasshan H, Frenkel P, Mondimore D. Simulated gastric hydrolysis and developmental toxicity of dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexylthioglycolate) in rats. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1122323. [PMID: 36911228 PMCID: PMC9992959 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1122323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyltin dichloride is used as the putative toxophore for dimethyltin bis-alkylthio esters in a read-across approach. Recent chemical and toxicological investigations challenges this read across as data on dioctyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) and dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) showed the dialkyltin thioglycolates do not generate dialkyltin dichloride. Results obtained by 119Sn-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), the smallest commercially manufactured dialkyltin thioester molecule of this kind, hydrolyzed to dimethyltin chloro-(2-ethylhexyl) thioglycolate under simulated gastric conditions. These studies did not detect dimethyltin dichloride. Dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) was administered orally to timed-pregnant Wistar-Han rats in an Arachis oil vehicle at 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day [Gestation Day 6 (GD6) through GD20] with no maternal deaths observed. At 25 mg/kg/day treatment statistically significant reductions occurred in feed consumption (-9%), maternal body weight (-2.4%) and adjusted maternal weight gain (-68%). There were no adverse gestational findings. Maternal thymus weight was significantly reduced in rats at 25 mg/kg in the absence of changes in hormone levels of T3, T4 or TSH. There were no effects on fetal growth, no dose-dependent pattern of external, visceral, or skeletal malformations and no toxicologically relevant increase in anatomical variations at any dose group. Based on the obtained experimental data it is concluded that dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) forms dimethyltin chloro-(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), not dimethyltin dichloride, in the stomach environment at pH 1.2, and dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) was not teratogenic nor fetotoxic in rats. The maternal NOAEL was 10 mg/kg/day, and the developmental NOAEL was 25 mg/kg/day, the high dose. The maternal LOAEL was 25 mg/kg/day based on decreased food consumption, lower adjusted mean body weight gain and reduced maternal thymus weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Frenkel
- Galata Chemicals LLC, Jersey City, NJ, United States
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Shaheen F, Riaz L, Naseer S, Amir T, Kanwal B. Comparative Analysis of Structure and Biopotency of Di- and Triorganotin(IV) Carboxylates with Hexyl Backbone. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Triphenyltin(IV) dithiocarbamate compound induces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in K562 human erythroleukemia cells primarily via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113336. [PMID: 35963475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The novel di-and triphenyltin(IV) dithiocarbamate compounds represented as RnSnL2 (where R = C4H9, C6H5; n = 2,3; L = N,N-dithiocarbamate), Ph2Sn(N,N-diisopropyldithiocarbamate) (OC1), Ph3Sn(N,N-diisopropyldithiocarbamate) (OC2), Ph2Sn(N,N-diallyldithiocarbamate) (OC3), Ph3Sn(N,N-diallyldithiocarbamate) (OC4), and Ph2Sn(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate) (OC5) were assessed for their cytotoxicity in K562 human erythroleukemia cells. All compounds inhibited the growth of cells at low micromolar concentrations (<10 μM), and the mechanism underlying their antiproliferative effects on K562 cells was apoptosis, as corroborated by the exposure of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine. OC2, which showed the most promising antiproliferative activity, was selected for further analyses. The results demonstrated that OC2 induced apoptosis in K562 cells via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway triggered upon DNA damage, an early apoptotic signal. Subsequently, OC2 produced excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species. The role of oxidative stress was corroborated by the significant reduction in GSH levels and percentage of apoptosis in NAC-pretreated cells. OC2 could arrest the cell cycle progression in the S phase. These new findings elucidate the antiproliferative potential of OC2 in the K562 human erythroleukemia cells and warrant further investigation, specifically to determine the exact signaling pathway underlying its antileukemic efficacy.
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Graisa A, Zainulabdeen K, Salman I, Al-Ani A, Mohammed R, Hairunisa N, Mohammed S, Yousif E. Toxicity and anti-tumour activity of organotin (IV) compounds. BAGHDAD JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.47419/bjbabs.v3i02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotins are widely described as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial agents. In addition to their use in biomedical fields, organotins are also used in agricultural and industrial applications. These materials are more toxic than inorganic cans, which are poorly absorbed and are excreted on the surface of the can, and cause toxicity to a variety of organisms and damage the environment.This review focuses on organotin’s toxicity and uses in biomedical fields.
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The computational study, thermodynamic parameters, and partial inhibition of spermatogenesis exhibited by toxicophores scaffolds of an organic‐inorganic hybrid complex of tributyltin (IV). Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Choudante PC, Nethi SK, Díaz-García D, Prashar S, Misra S, Gómez-Ruiz S, Patra CR. Tin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Antineoplastic properties and genotoxicity assessment. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212819. [PMID: 35929256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has immensely advanced the field of cancer diagnostics and treatment by introducing potential delivery vehicles as carriers for drugs or therapeutic agents. In due course, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as excellent vehicles for delivering drugs, biomolecules, and biomaterials, attributed to their solid framework and porosity providing a higher surface area for decorating with various functional ligands. Recently, the metal tin (Sn) has gained huge importance in cancer research owing to its excellent cytotoxicity and ability to kill cancer cells. In the present work, we synthesized MSNs, conjugated them with organotin compounds, and characterized them using various physicochemical techniques. Subsequently, the biological evaluation of MSN (S1), MSN-MP (S2) and tin-conjugated MSNs (S3: MSN-MP-SnPh3) (MP = 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane) revealed that these nanoconjugates induced cytotoxicity, necrosis, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, these nanoconjugates exhibited anti-angiogenic properties as demonstrated in the chick embryo model. The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found as a one of the plausible mechanisms underlying cancer cell cytotoxicity induced by these nanoconjugates, encouraging their application for the treatment of cancer. The tin-conjugated MSNs demonstrated less toxicity to normal cells compared to cancer cells. Furthermore, the genotoxicity studies revealed the clastogenic and aneugenic effects of these nanoconjugates in CHO cells mostly at high concentrations. These interesting observations are behind the idea of developing tin-conjugated MSNs as prospective candidates for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi C Choudante
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Nethi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Diana Díaz-García
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sanjiv Prashar
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sunil Misra
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Structure-activity relationship of some pentacoordinated Tributyltin(IV) complexes derived from sterically hindered Schiff bases of heterocyclic β-diketones. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dimethyltin(IV) Coordination Polymers Featuring the Versatile Ligand of 2,2′-Bipyrimidine: A Multi-NMR, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis Study and Thermal Properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Syed Annuar SN, Kamaludin NF, Awang N, Chan KM. Cellular Basis of Organotin(IV) Derivatives as Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:657599. [PMID: 34368075 PMCID: PMC8342812 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.657599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotin(IV) compounds have wide applications in industrial and agricultural fields owing to their ability to act as poly(vinyl chloride) stabilizers and catalytic agents as well as their medicinal properties. Moreover, organotin(IV) compounds may have applications as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, or antimicrobial agents based on the observation of synergistic effects following the binding of their respective ligands, resulting in the enhancement of their biological activities. In this review, we describe the antiproliferative activities of organotin(IV) compounds in various human cancer cell lines based on different types of ligands. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms through which organotin(IV) compounds induce cell death via apoptosis through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Finally, we present the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest induced by organotin(IV) compounds. Our report provides a basis for studies of the antitumor activities of organotin(IV) compounds and highlights the potential applications of these compounds as anticancer metallodrugs with low toxicity and few side effects.
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Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of organotin(IV) diallyldithiocarbamate compounds as anticancer agent towards colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3160-3168. [PMID: 34025187 PMCID: PMC8117248 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Diphenyltin(IV) diallyldithiocarbamate compound (Compound 1) and triphenyltin(IV) diallyldithiocarbamate compound (Compound 2) are two newly synthesised compounds of organotin(IV) with diallyldithiocarbamate ligands. Objective To assess the cytotoxic effects of two synthesised compounds against HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells and human CCD-18Co normal colon cells. Materials and methods Two successfully synthesised compounds were characterised using elemental (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur) analysis, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), and 1H, 13C 119Sn Nucleus Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The single-crystal structure of both compounds was determined by X-ray single-crystal analysis. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazholium bromide (MTT) assay upon 24 h of treatment. While the mode of cell death was determined based on the externalisation of phosphatidylserine using a flow cytometer. Results The elemental analysis data of the two compounds showed an agreement with the suggested formula of (C6H5)2Sn[S2CN(C3H5)2]2 for Compound 1 and (C6H5)3Sn[S2CN(C3H5)2] for Compound 2. The two major peaks of infrared absorbance, i.e., ν(C = N) and ν(C = S) were detected at the range of 1475–1479 cm−1 and 972–977 cm−1, respectively. The chemical shift of carbon in NCS2 group for Compound 1 and 2 were found at 200.82 and 197.79 ppm. The crystal structure of Compound 1 showed that it is six coordinated and crystallised in monoclinic, P21/c space group. While the crystal structure of Compound 2 is five coordinated and crystallised in monoclinic, P21/c space group. The cytotoxicity (IC50) of the two compounds against HT-29 cell were 2.36 μM and 0.39 μM. Meanwhile, the percentage of cell death modes between 60% and 75% for compound 1 and compound 2 were mainly due to apoptosis, suggesting that both compounds induced growth arrest. Conclusion Our study concluded that the synthesised compounds showed potent cytotoxicity towards HT-29 cell, with the triphenyltin(IV) compound showing the highest effect compared to diphenyltin(IV).
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Mononuclear Perfluoroalkyl-Heterocyclic Complexes of Pd(II): Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194487. [PMID: 33007913 PMCID: PMC7582383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mononuclear Pd(II) complexes [PdCl2(pfptp)] (1) and [PdCl2(pfhtp)] (2), with ligands 2-(3-perfluoropropyl-1-methyl-1,2,4-triazole-5yl)-pyridine (pfptp) and 2-(3-perfluoroheptyl-1-methyl-1,2,4-triazole-5yl)-pyridine (pfhtp), were synthesized and structurally characterized. The two complexes showed a bidentate coordination of the ligand occurring through N atom of pyridine ring and N4 atom of 1,2,4-triazole. Both complexes showed antimicrobial activity when tested against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.
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García-García A, Echenique-Errandonea E, Cepeda J, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Seco JM, Salinas-Castillo A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Photoluminescence and in vitro cytotoxicity analysis in a novel mononuclear Zn(II) coordination compound based on bumetanide. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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