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Li Y, Touret F, de Lamballerie X, Nguyen M, Laurent M, Benoit-Vical F, Robert A, Liu Y, Meunier B. Hybrid molecules based on an emodin scaffold. Synthesis and activity against SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7382-7394. [PMID: 37655748 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the Covid-19 epidemic, it has been clear that the availability of small and affordable drugs that are able to efficiently control viral infections in humans is still a challenge in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis and biological activities of a series of hybrid molecules that combine an emodin moiety and other structural moieties expected to act as possible synergistic pharmacophores in a single molecule were studied. Emodin has been reported to block the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into human cells and might also inhibit cytokine production, resulting in the reduction of pulmonary injury induced by SARS-CoV-2. The pharmacophore associated with emodin was either a polyamine residue (emodin-PA series), a choice driven by the fact that a natural alkyl PA like spermine and spermidine play regulatory roles in immune cell functions, or a diphenylmethylpiperazine derivative of the norchlorcyclizine series (emoxyzine series). In fact, diphenylmethylpiperazine antagonists of the H1 histamine receptor display activity against several viruses by multiple interrelated mechanisms. In the emoxyzine series, the most potent drug against SARS-CoV-2 was (R)-emoxyzine-2, with an EC50 value = 1.9 μM, which is in the same range as that of the reference drug remdesivir. However, the selectivity index was rather low, indicating that the dissociation of antiviral potency and cytotoxicity remains a challenge. In addition, since emodin was also reported to be a relatively high-affinity inhibitor of the virulence regulator FIKK kinase from the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, the antimalarial activity of the synthesized hybrid compounds has been evaluated. However, these molecules cannot efficiently compete with the currently used antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Li
- Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Franck Touret
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marion Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Yan Liu
- Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Bernard Meunier
- Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches, MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Bouvet B, Sene S, Félix G, Havot J, Audran G, Marque SRA, Larionova J, Guari Y. Cascade strategy for triggered radical release by magnetic nanoparticles grafted with thermosensitive alkoxyamine. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:144-153. [PMID: 36326271 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03567g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The design of smart nanoplatforms presenting well-definite structures able to achieve controlled cascade action remotely triggered by external stimuli presents a great challenge. We report here a new nanosystem consisting of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles covalently grafted with a thermosensitive radical initiator alkoxyamine, able to provide controlled and localized release of free radicals triggered by an alternating current (ac) magnetic field. These nanoparticles exhibit a high intrinsic loss power of 4.73 nHm2 kg-1 providing rapid heating of their surface under the action of an ac field, inducing the homolysis of alkoxyamine C-ON bond and then the oxygen-independent formation of radicals. This latter was demonstrated by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the kinetics of homolysis has been investigated allowing a comparison of the temperature of alkoxyamine's homolysis with the one measured during the magnetothermia process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Bouvet
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier, France.
| | - Saad Sene
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier, France.
| | - Gautier Félix
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier, France.
| | - Jeffrey Havot
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France.
| | - Gerard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France.
| | - Sylvain R A Marque
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France.
| | | | - Yannick Guari
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier, France.
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3
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Qian B, Zhang L, Zhang G, Fu Y, Zhu X, Shen G. Thermodynamic Evaluation on Alkoxyamines of TEMPO Derivatives, Stable Alkoxyamines or Potential Radical Donors? ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Chen Qian
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Gao‐Shuai Zhang
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hua Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Bin Shen
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
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Salvitti G, Pizzano E, Baroncelli F, Melandri S, Evangelisti L, Negri F, Coreno M, Prince KC, Ciavardini A, Sa'adeh H, Pori M, Mazzacurati M, Maris A. Spectroscopic and quantum mechanical study of a scavenger molecule: N,N-diethylhydroxylamine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121555. [PMID: 35926273 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a combination of quantum mechanical calculations and a range of spectroscopic measurements in the gas phase of N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, an important scavenger compound. Three conformers were observed by pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy in the 6.5-18.5 GHz frequency range. They are characterized by the hydroxyl hydrogen atom being in trans orientation with respect to the bisector of the CNC angle while the side alkyl chains can be both trans (global minimum, Cs symmetry, A = 7608.1078(4), B = 2020.2988(2) and C = 1760.5423(2) MHz) or one trans and the other gauche (second energy minimum, A = 5302.896(1), B = 2395.9822(4) and C = 1804.8567(3) MHz) or gauche' (third energy minimum, A = 5960.8025(6), B = 2273.6627(4) and C = 1975.8074(4) MHz). For the global minimum, the 13Cα,13Cβ and 15N isotopologues were observed in natural abundance, allowing for an accurate partial structure determination. Moreover, several lines were detected by free jet absorption millimeter wave spectroscopy in the 59.6-74.4 GHz spectral range. The electron binding energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital and the next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital, determined by photoelectron spectroscopy, are 8.95 and 10.76 eV, respectively. Supporting calculations evidence that, (i) upon ionization of the HOMO, the molecular structure changes from an amine to an N-oxoammonium arrangement and (ii) the 0-0 of the HOMO-1 photoionization is 10.46 eV. The K-shell binding energies, determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, are 290.42 eV (Cβ), 291.45 eV (Cα), 405.98 eV (N) and 538.75 eV (O). The Fourier transform near infrared spectrum is reported and a tentative assignment is proposed. The equilibrium wavenumber (ω̃ = 3811 cm-1) and the anharmonicity constant (ω̃χ = -87.5 cm-1) of the hydroxyl stretching mode were estimated using a quadratic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Salvitti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pizzano
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; BASF Italia S.p.A., Pontecchio Marconi, I-40037 Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Baroncelli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Melandri
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI Aerospace), University of Bologna, I-47121 Forlì, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, I-47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Luca Evangelisti
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI Aerospace), University of Bologna, I-47121 Forlì, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, I-47521 Cesena, Italy; Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; INSTM, UdR Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Coreno
- CNR-ISM, Trieste LD2 Unit, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ciavardini
- CNR-ISM, Trieste LD2 Unit, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Sl-5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Hanan Sa'adeh
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, JO-11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Matteo Pori
- BASF Italia S.p.A., Pontecchio Marconi, I-40037 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Assimo Maris
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI Aerospace), University of Bologna, I-47121 Forlì, Italy.
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Koumpoura C, Nguyen M, Bijani C, Vendier L, Salina EG, Buroni S, Degiacomi G, Cojean S, Loiseau PM, Benoit-Vical F, García-Sosa AT, Baltas M. Design of Anti-infectious Agents from Lawsone in a Three-Component Reaction with Aldehydes and Isocyanides. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35635-35655. [PMID: 36249398 PMCID: PMC9558256 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The first effective synthetic approach to naphthofuroquinones via a reaction involving lawsone, various aldehydes, and three isocyanides under microwave irradiation afforded derivatives in moderate to good yields. In addition, for less-reactive aldehydes, two naphtho-enaminodione quinones were obtained for the first time, as result of condensation between lawsone and isocyanides. X-ray structure determination for 9 and 2D-NMR spectra of 28 confirmed the obtained structures. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-infectious activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among the naphthofuroquinone series, 17 exhibited comparatively the best activity against P. falciparum (IC50 = 2.5 μM) and M. tuberculosis (MIC = 9 μM) with better (P. falciparum) or equivalent (M. tuberculosis) values to already-known naphthofuroquinone compounds. Among the two naphtho-enaminodione quinones, 28 exhibited a moderate activity against P. falciparum with a good selectivity index (SI > 36) while also a very high potency against L. donovani (IC50 = 3.5 μM and SI > 28), rendering it very competitive to the reference drug miltefosine. All compounds were studied through molecular modeling on their potential targets for P. falciparum, Pfbc1, and PfDHODH, where 17 showed the most favorable interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina
L. Koumpoura
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS−UPR8241, Inserm ERL 1289
Team “New antiplasmodial molecules and pharmacological approaches”, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse Cedex 31077, France
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS−UPR8241, Inserm ERL 1289
Team “New antiplasmodial molecules and pharmacological approaches”, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse Cedex 31077, France
| | - Christian Bijani
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS−UPR8241, Inserm ERL 1289
Team “New antiplasmodial molecules and pharmacological approaches”, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse Cedex 31077, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS−UPR8241, Inserm ERL 1289
Team “New antiplasmodial molecules and pharmacological approaches”, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse Cedex 31077, France
| | - Elena G. Salina
- Bach
Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center
of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Silvia Buroni
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giulia Degiacomi
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Sandrine Cojean
- Antiparasite
Chemotherapy, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92290, France
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- Antiparasite
Chemotherapy, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92290, France
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS−UPR8241, Inserm ERL 1289
Team “New antiplasmodial molecules and pharmacological approaches”, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse Cedex 31077, France
| | - Alfonso T. García-Sosa
- Department
of Molecular Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Michel Baltas
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS−UPR8241, Inserm ERL 1289
Team “New antiplasmodial molecules and pharmacological approaches”, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse Cedex 31077, France
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Audran G, Blyth MT, Coote ML, Gescheidt G, Hardy M, Havot J, Holzritter M, Jacoutot S, Joly JP, Marque SRA, Koumba TMM, Neshchadin D, Vaiedelich E. Homolysis/mesolysis of alkoxyamines activated by chemical oxidation and photochemical-triggered radical reactions at room temperature. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Instantaneous and spontaneous room temperature C–ON bond mesolysis of alkoxyamines triggered by chemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Mitchell T. Blyth
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/Z2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jeffrey Havot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Maxence Holzritter
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Samuel Jacoutot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jean-Patrick Joly
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/Z2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Enzo Vaiedelich
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Abstract
In 1986, Rizzardo et al. discovered the nitroxide-mediated polymerization which relies on the reversibility of homolysis of the C-ON bond of alkoxyamine R1R2NOR3, a unique property of these molecules. This discovery has generated a tremendous endeavor in the field of polymer chemistry. Alkoxyamines have been used as initiators/controllers for nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Moreover, photoexcitable alkoxyamines that dissociate under light at different wavelengths have also been developed for polymer chemistry. Over the past few years, alkoxyamines have started to be used in materials sciences. In many cases (e.g., self-healing polymers), the development of smart materials requires the use of smart building blocks, that is, molecules or systems whose properties and/or structures change upon external stimuli. Alkoxyamines exhibit a unique property: reversible homolysis (i.e., homolysis of the C-ON bond into alkyl R3• and nitroxyl R1R2NO• radicals and reformation via the coupling of these two species). Until now, this property has been controlled only by changes in temperatures or by light irradiation. Chemical and/or biochemical control of the homolysis event would open new gates for the application of these molecules in different fields such as biology and medicine. Thus, the concept of smart alkoxyamines is discussed and exemplified via the activation of alkoxyamines using chemical or/and biochemical changes amplifying the polar, steric, and stabilization effects. In situ activation is also discussed. It is shown that (i) increasing the electron-withdrawing properties of the alkyl fragment weakens the C-ON bond and thus favors homolysis but is opposite for the nitroxyl fragment; (ii) increasing the steric hindrance on the nonactive site affords dramatic conformation changes which weaken the C-ON bond; and (iii) increasing the stabilization of the released alkyl radical weakens the C-ON bond. Solvent effects and intramolecular hydrogen bonding are also discussed. Reactions used to highlight our purpose are either reversible or nonreversible and used under conditions that are as mild as possible (temperatures below 40 °C and atmospheric pressure). For example, a several (thousands of millions of) millions of orders of magnitude enhancement of the homolysis rate constant is observed upon enzymatic hydrolysis at 37 °C, meaning that a shift from a stable alkoxyamine (t1/2 = 42 000 milleniums) to a highly labile alkoxyamine (tmax = 1500 s for 35% conversion) is achieved. Applications of this concept are discussed for safe NMP initiators and for theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille, Cedex
20, France
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille, Cedex
20, France
| | - Philippe Mellet
- INSERM, 33076 Bordeaux, Cedex, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS, Case 93, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, Cedex, France
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