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Jyske T, Liimatainen J, Tienaho J, Brännström H, Aoki D, Kuroda K, Reshamwala D, Kunnas S, Halmemies E, Nakayama E, Kilpeläinen P, Ora A, Kaseva J, Hellström J, Marjomäki VS, Karonen M, Fukushima K. Inspired by nature: Fiber networks functionalized with tannic acid and condensed tannin-rich extracts of Norway spruce bark show antimicrobial efficacy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1171908. [PMID: 37152647 PMCID: PMC10154533 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1171908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrated the antibacterial and antiviral potential of condensed tannins and tannic acid when incorporated into fiber networks tested for functional material purposes. Condensed tannins were extracted from industrial bark of Norway spruce by using pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), followed by purification of extracts by using XADHP7 treatment to obtain sugar-free extract. The chemical composition of the extracts was analyzed by using HPLC, GC‒MS and UHPLC after thiolytic degradation. The test matrices, i.e., lignocellulosic handsheets, were produced and impregnated with tannin-rich extracts, and tannic acid was used as a commercial reference. The antibacterial and antiviral efficacy of the handsheets were analyzed by using bioluminescent bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220+pAT19 and Escherichia coli K12+pCGLS11) and Enterovirus coxsackievirus B3. Potential bonding of the tannin-rich extract and tannic acid within the fiber matrices was studied by using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The deposition characteristics (distribution and accumulation patterns) of tannin compounds and extracts within fiber networks were measured and visualized by direct chemical mapping using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and digital microscopy. Our results demonstrated for the first time, how tannin-rich extracts obtained from spruce bark side streams with green chemistry possess antiviral and antibacterial properties when immobilized into fiber matrices to create substitutes for plastic hygienic products, personal protection materials such as surgical face masks, or food packaging materials to prolong the shelf life of foodstuffs and prevent the spread of infections. However, more research is needed to further develop this proof-of-concept to ensure stable chemical bonding in product prototypes with specific chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Liimatainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Tienaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Brännström
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Teknologiakatu 7, Kokkola, Finland
| | - Dan Aoki
- Department of Forest and Environmental Resources Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Susan Kunnas
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Ounasjoentie 6, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Eelis Halmemies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eiko Nakayama
- Department of Environmental Science Design, Showa Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petri Kilpeläinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ora
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Kaseva
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jarkko Hellström
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Varpu S. Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Department of Forest and Environmental Resources Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Gaur RK, de Abreu IN, Albrectsen BR. Compensatory phenolic induction dynamics in aspen after aphid infestation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9582. [PMID: 35688882 PMCID: PMC9187625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are polyphenolics and part of the total phenolic (TP) pool that shape resistance in aspen (Populus tremula). CTs are negatively associated with pathogens, but their resistance properties against herbivores are less understood. CTs shape resistance to pathogens and chewing herbivores and could also shape resistance to aphids. Being chemical pools that are highly variable it can further be questioned whether CT-shaped resistance is better described by constitutive levels, by the induced response potential, or by both. Here, aspen genotypes were propagated and selected to represent a range of inherent abilities to produce and store foliar CTs; the plantlets were then exposed to Chaitophorus aphid infestation and to mechanical (leaf rupture) damage, and the relative abundance of constitutive and induced CTs was related to aphid fitness parameters. As expected, aphid fecundity was negatively related to CT-concentrations of the aphid infested plants although more consistently related to TPs. While TPs increased in response to damage, CT induction was generally low and it even dropped below constitutive levels in more CT-rich genotypes, suggesting that constitutive CTs are more relevant measurements of resistance compared to induced CT-levels. Relating CT and TP dynamics with phenolic low molecular compounds further suggested that catechin (the building block of CTs) increased in response to aphid damage in amounts that correlated negatively with CT-induction and positively with constitutive CT-levels and aphid fecundity. Our study portrays dynamic phenolic responses to two kinds of damage detailed for major phenylpropanoid classes and suggests that the ability of a genotype to produce and store CTs may be a measurement of resistance, caused by other, more reactive, phenolic compounds such as catechin. Rupture damage however appeared to induce catechin levels oppositely supporting that CTs may respond differently to different kinds of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Kumar Gaur
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Ilka Nacif de Abreu
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction of Aspen (Populus tremula) and Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Barks as a Tool for Their Valorization. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121544. [PMID: 35736694 PMCID: PMC9228133 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The barks of aspen (Populus tremula) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) are byproducts of wood processing, characterized by their low economic value. In the present study, microwave-assisted one-cycle water extraction was explored as a tool for the valorization of this biomass as a source of biologically active compounds. The microwave extractor of the original construction equipped with a pressurized extraction chamber and a condenser section was used. The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), specially including dynamic dielectric heating up to 70 °C followed by 30 min of isothermal heating, promoted the isolation of salicin from aspen bark, allowing for the obtention of a two-times-higher free salicin concentration in water extracts (−14% vs. 7%) reached by multi-cycle accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), which is an advanced technique used as a reference. The MAE of pine bark with dynamic heating up to 90–130 °C, avoiding the isothermal heating step, allowed for the obtention of a 1.7-times-higher concentration of proantocyanidin dimers-tetramers, a 1.3-times-higher concentration of catechin and a 1.2-times-higher concentration of quinic acid in water extracts in comparison to a more time- and solvent-consuming ASE performed at the same temperature. The biological activity of the obtained extracts was characterized in terms of their ability to inhibit xahntine oxidase enzyme, which is a validated target for the therapeutic treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Halmemies ES, Alén R, Hellström J, Läspä O, Nurmi J, Hujala M, Brännström HE. Behaviour of Extractives in Norway Spruce ( Picea abies) Bark during Pile Storage. Molecules 2022; 27:1186. [PMID: 35208976 PMCID: PMC8878638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current practices regarding the procurement chain of forest industry sidestreams, such as conifer bark, do not always lead to optimal conditions for preserving individual chemical compounds. This study investigates the standard way of storing bark in large piles in an open area. We mainly focus on the degradation of the most essential hydrophilic and hydrophobic extractives and carbohydrates. First, two large 450 m3 piles of bark from Norway spruce (Picea abies) were formed, one of which was covered with snow. The degradation of the bark extractives was monitored for 24 weeks. Samples were taken from the middle, side and top of the pile. Each sample was extracted at 120 °C with both n-hexane and water, and the extracts produced were then analysed chromatographically using gas chromatography with flame ionisation or mass selective detection and high-performance liquid chromatography. The carbohydrates were next analysed using acidic hydrolysis and acidic methanolysis, followed by chromatographic separation of the monosaccharides formed and their derivatives. The results showed that the most intensive degradation occurred during the first 4 weeks of storage. The levels of hydrophilic extractives were also found to decrease drastically (69% in normal pile and 73% in snow-covered pile) during storage, whereas the decrease in hydrophobic extractives was relatively stable (15% in normal pile and 8% in snow-covered pile). The top of the piles exhibited the most significant decrease in the total level of extractives (73% in normal and snow-covered pile), whereas the bark in the middle of the pile retained the highest amount of extractives (decreased by 51% in normal pile and 47% in snow-covered pile) after 24-week storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelis S. Halmemies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland;
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Teknologiakatu 7, 67100 Kokkola, Finland; (J.N.); (H.E.B.)
| | - Raimo Alén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Jarkko Hellström
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Otto Läspä
- School of Engineering and Natural Resources, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Yliopistonkatu 9, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Juha Nurmi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Teknologiakatu 7, 67100 Kokkola, Finland; (J.N.); (H.E.B.)
| | - Maija Hujala
- School of Business and Management, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland;
| | - Hanna E. Brännström
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Teknologiakatu 7, 67100 Kokkola, Finland; (J.N.); (H.E.B.)
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Korkalo P, Hagner M, Jänis J, Mäkinen M, Kaseva J, Lassi U, Rasa K, Jyske T. Pyroligneous Acids of Differently Pretreated Hybrid Aspen Biomass: Herbicide and Fungicide Performance. Front Chem 2022; 9:821806. [PMID: 35211460 PMCID: PMC8861299 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.821806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyroligneous acids (PAs) of woody biomass produced by torrefaction have pesticidal properties. Thus, PAs are potential alternatives to synthetic plant protection chemicals. Although woody biomass is a renewable feedstock, its use must be efficient. The efficiency of biomass utilization can be improved by applying a cascading use principle. This study is novel because we evaluate for the first time the pesticidal potential of PAs derived from the bark of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.) and examine simultaneously how the production of the PAs can be interlinked with the cascade processing of hybrid aspen biomass. Hybrid aspen bark contains valuable extractives that can be separated before the hemicellulose is thermochemically converted into plant protection chemicals. We developed a cascade processing scheme, where these extractives were first extracted from the bark with hot water (HWE) or with hot water and alkaline alcohol (HWE+AAE) prior to their conversion into PAs by torrefaction. The herbicidal performance of PAs was tested using Brassica rapa as the test species, and the fungicidal performance was proven using Fusarium culmorum. The pesticidal activities were compared to those of the PAs of debarked wood and of commercial pesticides. According to the results, extractives can be separated from the bark without overtly diminishing the weed and fungal growth inhibitor performance of the produced PAs. The HWE of the bark before its conversion into PAs appeared to have an enhancing effect on the herbicidal activity. In contrast, HWE+AAE lowered the growth inhibition performance of PAs against both the weeds and fungi. This study shows that hybrid aspen is a viable feedstock for the production of herbicidal and fungicidal active chemicals, and it is possible to utilize biomass according to the cascading use principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Korkalo
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Rovaniemi, Finland
- *Correspondence: Pasi Korkalo,
| | - Marleena Hagner
- Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Marko Mäkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Kaseva
- Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kimmo Rasa
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
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Miao G, Peng L, Liu E, He L, Guan Q, Zhang J, Peng L. Solid–liquid mass transfer characteristics and mechanism of alkali‐soluble heteropolysaccharides from hemp stalk. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Miao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Yunnan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station Kunming China
| | - Enfen Liu
- China Tobacco Yunnan Reconstituted Tobacco Co, Ltd Yuxi China
| | - Liang He
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Qingqing Guan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Lincai Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
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