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Khaldari I, Naghavi MR, Motamedi E, Zargar M. The effects of green and chemically-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on the production and gene expression of morphinan alkaloids in Oriental poppy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6000. [PMID: 38472367 PMCID: PMC10933268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oriental poppy (Papaver orientale L.) belonging to the Papaveraceae family, has the capacity to synthesize a wide range of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of green and chemical copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) elicitors on oxidative stress and the BIAs biosynthesis pathway in the cell suspension culture of P. orientale. This research shows that both green and chemical CuO NPs at concentrations of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L, induce oxidative stress in the cell suspension of P. orientale by increasing the production of H2O2 and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The comparison of treatments revealed that utilizing a lower concentration of CuO NPs (20 mg/L) and extending the duration of cell suspension incubation (up to 48 h) play a more influential role in inducing the expression of the BIAs biosynthesis pathway genes (PsWRKY, TYDC, SalSyn, SalR, SalAT, T6ODM, COR and CODM) and increasing the production of morphinan alkaloids (thebaine, codeine, and morphine). The overarching results indicate that the concentration of CuO NPs and the duration of cell treatment have a more significant impact than the nature of CuO NPs in inducing oxidative stress and stimulating the expression of the BIAs pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Khaldari
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrarian Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elaheh Motamedi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Meisam Zargar
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrarian Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
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Jakovljević D, Kruszka D, Waligórski P, Warchoł M, Skrzypek E. Untargeted metabolomic in basil cell cultures - a case study of Ocimum basilicum L. var. minimum Alef. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14203. [PMID: 38332416 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Due to the lack of experimental databases, together with the chemical complexity and the dynamic nature of plants' metabolome, most of the metabolites in complex biological materials (like plant in vitro tissue cultures) are not-annotated, unidentified metabolites. In this study, a method for further metabolite characterization and classification based on the UPLC-HESI-HRMS/MS approach for small-leaved basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. minimum Alef.) callus and cell suspension culture is presented. KEY RESULTS A total of 2168 metabolic features were detected, out of which the database for exact mass metabolic profiling for 1949 metabolites is presented here since there is no available database dedicated to O. basilicum. We further focused on secondary metabolites (particularly phenolic compounds). The presence of 60 different phenolic compounds belonging mainly to the groups of flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and phenolic acids is confirmed. By comparing relative abundances of phenolic compounds from callus culture and cell suspension culture, both grown on two types of media, via svd-PCА, univariate analysis, post-hoc tests, and heatmapping of metabolites, we provided a practical example of how resources presented here can be further applied in tissue culture-based basil metabolomics studies. UTILITY This study represents the first approach toward routine targeted investigation of secondary metabolites in basil in vitro cultures and provides various opportunities for new-generation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Jakovljević
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dariusz Kruszka
- Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Waligórski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Warchoł
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Kraków, Poland
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Zhao J, Xu L, Jin D, Xin Y, Tian L, Wang T, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wang J. Rosmarinic Acid and Related Dietary Supplements: Potential Applications in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101410. [PMID: 36291619 PMCID: PMC9599057 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a severe threat to human health and quality of life and is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Natural dietary products have drawn substantial attention in cancer treatment and prevention due to their availability and absence of toxicity. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is known for its excellent antioxidant properties and is safe and effective in preventing and inhibiting tumors. This review summarizes recent publications on culture techniques, extraction processes, and anti-tumor applications of RA-enriched dietary supplements. We discuss techniques to improve RA bioavailability and provide a mechanistic discussion of RA regarding tumor prevention, treatment, and adjuvant therapy. RA exhibits anticancer activity by regulating oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and metastasis. These data suggest that daily use of RA-enriched dietary supplements can contribute to tumor prevention and treatment. RA has the potential for application in anti-tumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Zhao
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yu Xin
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (J.W.)
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Zafar S, Faisal S, Jan H, Ullah R, Rizwan M, Abdullah, Alotaibi A, Bibi N, Rashid AU, Khattak A. Development of Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) Using Biomass of Enterobacter: Its Characterization, Antimicrobial, Anti-Alzheimer's, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1259. [PMID: 36014181 PMCID: PMC9414903 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a new field that has gained considerable importance due to its potential uses in the field of biosciences, medicine, engineering, etc. In the present study, bio-inspired metallic iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were prepared using biomass of Enterobacter train G52. The prepared particles were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. The crystalline nature of the prepared FeNPs was confirmed by XRD. The SEM techniques revealed the particles size to be 23 nm, whereas in FTIR spectra the peaks in the functional group region indicated the involvement of bioactive compounds of selected bacterial strains in the capping of FeNPs. The EDX confirmed the presence of iron in the engineered FeNPs. The FeNPs were then evaluated for its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-larvicidal, protein kinase inhibition, anti-diabetic, and biocompatibility potentials using standard protocols. Substantial activities were observed in almost all biological assays used. The antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic potential of the prepared nanoparticles were high in comparison to other areas of biological potential, indicating that the FeNPs are capable of targeting meditators of oxidative stress leading to diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. However, the claim made needs some further experimentation to confirm the observed potential in in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Zafar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30071, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Jan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Odigram, Mingora 19130, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Amal Alotaibi
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Bibi
- Department of Microbiology, Shaheed Benazir University, Peshawar 25000, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Amin Ur Rashid
- Department of Applied Physical and Material Sceinces, University of Swat, Odigram, Mingora 19130, Pakistan
| | - Aishma Khattak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shaheed Benazir University, Peshawar 00384, KPK, Pakistan
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Coskun Y, Taslidere F. Influence of biotic and abiotic elicitors on artemisinin, quercetin, caffeic acid and essential oil production in
Artemisia dracunculus
L. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Coskun
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology Suleyman Demirel University Isparta Turkey
| | - Feride Taslidere
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology Suleyman Demirel University Isparta Turkey
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Li Y, Saravana Kumar P, Liu Y, Qiu J, Ran Y, Yuan M, Fang X, Tan X, Zhao R, zhu J, He M. Tailoring enhanced production and identification of isoflavones in the callus cultures of Pueraria thomsonii Benth and its model verification using response surface methodology (RSM): a combined in vitro and statistical optimization. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Scientifically, isoflavones from Pueraria thomsonii Benth possess diverse pharmacological activities and have been used to treat various diseases. In vitro propagation of callus has contributed to the reliability for large-scale production of target compounds. However, the factors affecting the biosynthesis of major isoflavones daidzin, puerarin and daidzein in the callus culture of P. thomsonii are still not known. Therefore, we aimed to enhance the in vitro production of daidzin, puerarin and daidzein by optimizing three independent factors such as temperature, NAA and 6-BA concentrations.
Results
Our findings showed that the optimal concentrations for in vitro biomass production and efficient synthesis of puerarin, daidzin and daidzein were found to be 0.158%, 0.463% and 0.057%, respectively. In addition, the HPLC fingerprint with chemo-metrics analysis was constructed by linear regression of the puerarin, daidzin and daidzein which was found to be in the range of 1.0–36.0, 5.0–72.0 and 1.0–15.0 mg/mL and the LODs and LOQs were found to be 0.15, 0.52, 0.35 and 0.28, 1.50, 0.50 mg/mL for puerarin, daidzin and daidzein, respectively. Surprisingly, our results were also in agreement with the concentration obtained from the model verification for optimal and efficient production of puerarin, daidzin and daidzein which was found to be 0.162%, 0.458% and 0.049%, respectively.
Conclusions
In summary, our present investigation provides new insights that could facilitate the enhanced production of valuable isoflavones in P. thomsonii using plant cell cultures treated with appropriate elicitor combinations and temperature. As far as the authors are concerned, this is the first report on production of daidzin, puerarin and daidzein at higher yield at laboratory level for a wide range of applications in future food, medicinal and pharmaceutical companies.
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Nazir S, Jan H, Zaman G, Khan T, Ashraf H, Meer B, Zia M, Drouet S, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles induced biomass accumulation, antioxidants biosynthesis and abiotic elicitation of bioactive compounds in callus cultures of Ocimum basilicum (Thai basil). ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:626-634. [PMID: 34597252 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1984935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nano-elicitation is one among the prioritised strategies considered globally for sustainable and uniform production of industrially important medicinal compounds. Ocimum basilicum (Thai basil), a renowned medicinal species is a reservoir of commercially vital metabolites and proved for its health assuring effects in cancer, diabetes, microbial and cardiovascular diseases. However, its consumption and industrial demand raised intent to divert towards better alternates for ensuring sustainable production of medicinal compounds. Herein, we investigated the comparative potential of metal oxide [copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO)] nanoparticles to elicit the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites and antioxidative capacity of O.basilicum callus cultures. Results showed that callus grown on MS media supplemented with 10 mg/L CuO-NPs resulted in the highest biomass accumulation (FW: 172.8 g/L, DW: 16.7 g/L), phenolic contents (TPC: 27.5 mg/g DW), and flavonoid contents (TFC: 9.1 mg/g DW) along with antioxidant activities (DPPH: 94%, ABTS: 881 μM TEAC, FRAP: 386 μM TEAC) compared with MnO-NPs and control. Likewise, the Superoxide dismutase (SOD: 1.28 nM/min/mg FW) and Peroxidase (POD: 0.48 nM/min/mg FW) activities were also recorded maximum in CuO-NPs elicited cultures than MnO-NPs and control. Moreover, the HPLC results showed that rosmarinic acid (11.4 mg/g DW), chicoric acid (16.6 mg/g DW), eugenol (0.21 mg/g DW) was found optimum in cultures at 10 mg/L CuO-NPs. Overall, it can be concluded that CuO nanoparticles can be effectively used as a elicitor for biosynthesis of metabolites in callus cultures of O. basilicum (Thai basil). The study is indeed a contribution to the field that will help decoding the mechanism of action of CuO NPs. However, further molecular investigations are needed to fully develop understanding about the metabolic potential of O. bascillicum and scalling up this protocol for bulkup production of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saher Nazir
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gouhar Zaman
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Taimoor Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Hajra Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bisma Meer
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, Orléans, France
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Nazir S, Jan H, Zaman G, Ahmed N, Drouet S, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Synergistic effects of salicylic acid and light stress on bioactive metabolites in basil callus cultures. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jan H, Shah M, Andleeb A, Faisal S, Khattak A, Rizwan M, Drouet S, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Plant-Based Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aquilegia pubiflora: Their Antiproliferative Activity against HepG2 Cells Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species and Other In Vitro Properties. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4786227. [PMID: 34457112 PMCID: PMC8387193 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4786227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) produced from aqueous leaf extract of Aquilegia pubiflora were evaluated in this study. Several methods were used to characterize ZnO-NPs, including SEM, FTIR, XRD, DLS, PL, Raman, and HPLC. The nanoparticles that had a size of 34.23 nm as well as a strong aqueous dispersion potential were highly pure, spherical or elliptical in form, and had a mean size of 34.23 nm. According to FTIR and HPLC studies, the flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were successfully capped. Synthesized ZnO-NPs in water have a zeta potential of -18.4 mV, showing that they are stable solutions. The ZnO-NPs proved to be highly toxic for the HepG2 cell line and showed a reduced cell viability of 23.68 ± 2.1% after 24 hours of ZnO-NP treatment. ZnO-NPs also showed excellent inhibitory potential against the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 102 μg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 125 μg/mL) which are involved in Alzheimer's disease. Overall, the enzymes involved in aging, diabetes, and inflammation showed a moderate inhibitory response to ZnO-NPs. Given these findings, these biosynthesized ZnO-NPs could be a good option for the cure of deadly diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and other inflammatory diseases due to their strong anticancer potential and efficient antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muzamil Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Anisa Andleeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Aishma Khattak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shaheed Benazir University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Scarlet Flax Linum grandiflorum (L.) In Vitro Cultures as a New Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Lignans. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154511. [PMID: 34361665 PMCID: PMC8348589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultures of scarlet flax (Linum grandiflorum L.), an important ornamental flax, have been established as a new possible valuable resource of lignans and neolignans for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications. The callogenic potential at different concentrations of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and thidiazuron (TDZ), alone or in combinations, was evaluated using both L. grandiflorum hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. A higher callus induction frequency was observed on NAA than TDZ, especially for hypocotyl explants, with a maximum frequency (i.e., 95.2%) on 1.0 mg/L of NAA. The presence of NAA (1.0 mg/L) in conjunction with TDZ tended to increase the frequency of callogenesis relative to TDZ alone, but never reached the values observed with NAA alone, thereby indicating the lack of synergy between these two plant growth regulators (PGRs). Similarly, in terms of biomass, NAA was more effective than TDZ, with a maximum accumulation of biomass registered for medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of NAA using hypocotyls as initial explants (DW: 13.1 g). However, for biomass, a synergy between the two PGRs was observed, particularly for cotyledon-derived explants and for the lowest concentrations of TDZ. The influence of these two PGRs on callogenesis and biomass is discussed. The HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of lignans (secoisolariciresinol (SECO) and lariciresinol (LARI) and neolignan (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol [DCA]) naturally accumulated in their glycoside forms. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities performed for both hypocotyl- and cotyledon-derived cultures were also found maximal (DPPH: 89.5%, FRAP 866: µM TEAC, ABTS: 456 µM TEAC) in hypocotyl-derived callus cultures as compared with callus obtained from cotyledon explants. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities revealed high inhibition (COX-1: 47.4% and COX-2: 51.1%) for extract of hypocotyl-derived callus cultures at 2.5 mg/L TDZ. The anti-inflammatory action against COX-1 and COX-2 was supported by the IC50 values. This report provides a viable approach for enhanced biomass accumulation and efficient production of (neo)lignans in L. grandiflorum callus cultures.
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Curcuma longa Mediated Synthesis of Copper Oxide, Nickel Oxide and Cu-Ni Bimetallic Hybrid Nanoparticles: Characterization and Evaluation for Antimicrobial, Anti-Parasitic and Cytotoxic Potentials. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have long been known and their biomedical potent activities have proven that these can provide an alternative to other drugs. In the current study, copper oxide, nickel oxide and copper/nickel hybrid NPs were biosynthesized by using Curcuma longa root extracts as a reducing and capping agent, followed by characterization via UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermo galvanometric analysis (TGA), and band gap. FTIR spectroscopy shows the availability of various functional groups and biomolecules such as carbohydrate, protein, polysaccharides, etc. The EDX peak confirmed that the elemental nickel and copper were present in large quantity in the analyzed sample. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the synthesized CuO-NPs and NiO-NPs were polyhedral uniform and homogeneous in morphology, while the copper/nickel hybrid NPs were well dispersed, spherical in shape, and uniform in size. TEM micrographs of CuO-NPs had 27.72 nm, NiO had 23.13 nm and, for their hybrid, the size was 17.38 nm, which was confirmed respectively. The CuO and NiO NPs possessed spherical- to multi-headed shapes, while their hybrid showed a complete spherical shape, small size, and polydispersed NPs. The XRD spectra revealed that the average particle size for CuO, NiO, and hybrid were 29.7 nm, 28 nm and 27 nm, respectively. Maximum anti-diabetic inhibition of (52.35 ± 0.76: CuO-NPs, 68.1 ± 0.93: NiO-NPs and 74.23 ± 0.42: Cu + Ni hybrids) for α-amylase and (39.25 ± 0.18 CuO-NPs, 52.35 ± 1.32: NiO-NPs and 62.32 ± 0.48: Cu + Ni hybrids) for α-glucosidase were calculated, respectively, at 400 µg/mL. The maximum antioxidants capacity was observed as 65.1 ± 0.83 μgAAE/mg for Cu-Ni hybrids, 58.39 ± 0.62 μgAAE/mg for NiO-NPs, and 52.2 ± 0.31 μgAAE/mg for CuO-NPs, respectively, at 400 μg/mL. The highest antibacterial activity of biosynthesized NPs was observed against P. aeuroginosa (28 ± 1.22) and P. vulgaris (25 ± 1.73) for Cu + Ni hybrids, respectively. Furthermore, the antibiotics were coated with NPs, and activity was noted. Significant anti-leishmanial activity of 60.5 ± 0.53 and 68.4 ± 0.59 for Cu + Ni hybrids; 53.2 ± 0.48 and 61.2 ± 0.44 for NiO-NPs; 49.1 ± 0.39 and 56.2 ± 0.45 for CuO-NPs at 400 μg/mL were recorded for promastigote and amastigotes, respectively. The biosynthesized NPs also showed significant anti-cancerous potential against HepG2 cell lines. It was concluded from the study that NPs are potential agents to be used as an alternative to antimicrobial agents.
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Jan H, Usman H, Shah M, Zaman G, Mushtaq S, Drouet S, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Phytochemical analysis and versatile in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition potential of different extracts of traditionally used Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. Ex Royle. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:165. [PMID: 34098912 PMCID: PMC8186222 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Himalayan Columbine (Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. Ex Royle) is a medicinal plant and have been used as traditional treatments for various human diseases including skin burns, jaundice, hepatitis, wound healing, cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Till now there is no report available on phytochemical investigation of Himalayan Columbine and to the best of our knowledge, through present study we have reported for the first time, the phytochemical analysis and pharmacological potentials of different leaf extracts of Aquilegia pubiflora. METHODS Four types of extracts were prepared using solvent of different polarities (Distilled water APDW, Methanol APM, Ethanol APE and Ethyl acetate APEA), and were evaluated to determine the best candidate for potent bioactivity. Phytochemical constituents in prepared extracts were quantified through HPLC analysis. Subsequently, all four types of leaf extracts were then evaluated for their potential bioactivities including antimicrobial, protein kinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, anti-aging and cytotoxic effect. RESULTS HPLC analysis demonstrated the presence of dvitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid and chlorogenic acid in varied proportions in all plant extracts. Antimicrobial studies showed that, K. pneumonia was found to be most susceptible to inhibition zones of 11.2 ± 0.47, 13.9 ± 0.33, 12.7 ± 0.41, and 13.5 ± 0.62 measured at 5 mg/mL for APDW, APM, APE and APEA respectively. A. niger was the most susceptible strain in case of APDW with the highest zone of inhibition 14.3 ± 0.32, 13.2 ± 0.41 in case of APM, 13.7 ± 0.39 for APE while 15.4 ± 0.43 zone of inhibition was recorded in case of APEA at 5 mg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity of 92.6 ± 1.8 μgAAE/mg, 89.2 ± 2.4 μgAAE/mg, 277.5 ± 2.9 μM, 289.9 ± 1.74 μM for TAC, TRP, ABTS and FRAP, respectively, was shown by APE. APM, APE and APEA extracts showed a significant % cell inhibition (above 40%) against HepG2 cells. The highest anti-inflammatory of the samples was shown by APE (52.5 ± 1.1) against sPLA2, (41.2 ± 0.8) against 15-LOX, followed by (38.5 ± 1.5) and (32.4 ± 0.8) against COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Strong antimicrobial, Protein Kinase potency and considerable α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and cytotoxic potential were exhibited by plant samples. Significant anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and kinase inhibitory potential of each plant sample thus aware us for further detailed research to determine novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Hazrat Usman
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muzamil Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Gouhar Zaman
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC EA1207), INRA USC1328, Plant Lignans Team, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS/Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, CÉDEX 2, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC EA1207), INRA USC1328, Plant Lignans Team, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS/Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, CÉDEX 2, France
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Choonong R, Jabsanthia J, Waewaram V, Panjanghan K, Putalun W. Comparative study of callus culture and leaves of
Thunbergia laurifolia
for their bioactive constituents and the activation of AMPK and GLUT‐dependent glucose uptake on rat skeletal muscle (L6) cells. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakkrit Jabsanthia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Varinda Waewaram
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
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Faisal S, Jan H, Shah SA, Shah S, Khan A, Akbar MT, Rizwan M, Jan F, Wajidullah, Akhtar N, Khattak A, Syed S. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Fruit Extracts of Myristica fragrans: Their Characterizations and Biological and Environmental Applications. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9709-9722. [PMID: 33869951 PMCID: PMC8047667 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, bioaugmented zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans. The ZnO-NPs were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crystallites exhibited a mean size of 41.23 nm measured via XRD and were highly pure, while SEM and TEM analyses of synthesized NPs confirmed their spherical or elliptical shape. The functional groups responsible for stabilizing and capping of ZnO-NPs were confirmed using FTIR analysis. The ζ-size and ζ-potential of synthesized ZnO-NPs were reported as 66 nm and -22.1 mV, respectively, via the DLS technique can be considered as moderate stable colloidal solution. Synthesized NPs were used to evaluate for their possible antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, and larvicidal properties. The NPs were found to be highly active against bacterial strains both coated with antibiotics and alone. Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be the most sensitive strain against NPs (27 ± 1.73) and against NPs coated with imipinem (26 ± 1.5). ZnO-NPs displayed outstanding inhibitory potential against enzymes protein kinase (12.23 ± 0.42), α-amylase (73.23 ± 0.42), and α-glucosidase (65.21 ± 0.49). Overall, the synthesized NPs have shown significant larvicidal activity (77.3 ± 1.8) against Aedes aegypti, the mosquitoes involved in the transmission of dengue fever. Similarly, tremendous leishmanicidal activity was also observed against both the promastigote (71.50 ± 0.70) and amastigote (61.41 ± 0.71) forms of the parasite. The biosynthesized NPs were found to be excellent antioxidant and biocompatible nanomaterials. Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were also used as photocatalytic agents, resulting in 88% degradation of methylene blue dye in 140 min. Owing to their eco-friendly synthesis, nontoxicity, and biocompatible nature, ZnO-NPs synthesized from M. fragrans can be exploited as potential candidates for biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Faisal
- Department
of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460,KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Jan
- Department
of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460,KPK, Pakistan
- Department
of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ali Shah
- Department
of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460,KPK, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shah
- Department
of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taj Akbar
- Department
of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Center for
Biotechnology and Microbiology, University
of Swat, Mingora 19130,KPK, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Jan
- Programmatic
Management of Drug Resistant T.B. Unit, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbotabad 22040, Pakistan
| | - Wajidullah
- Department
of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Akhtar
- Department
of Microbiology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Aishma Khattak
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Suliman Syed
- Department
of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24460,KPK, Pakistan
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15
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Uncovering Prospective Role and Applications of Existing and New Nutraceuticals from Bacterial, Fungal, Algal and Cyanobacterial, and Plant Sources. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13073671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are a category of products more often associated with food but having pharmaceuticals property and characteristics. However, there is still no internationally accepted concept of these food-pharmaceutical properties, and their interpretation can differ from country to country. Nutraceuticals are used as part of dietary supplements in most countries. They can be phytochemicals which are biologically active and have health benefits. These can be supplied as a supplement and/or as a functional food to the customer. For human health and longevity, these materials are likely to play a vital role. Consumption of these items is typical without a therapeutic prescription and/or supervision by the vast majority of the public. The development of nutraceuticals can be achieved through many bioresources and organisms. This review article will discuss the current research on nutraceuticals from different biological sources and their potential use as an agent for improving human health and well-being, as well as the gaps and future perspective of research related to nutraceutical development.
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Shah M, Jan H, Drouet S, Tungmunnithum D, Shirazi JH, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Chitosan Elicitation Impacts Flavonolignan Biosynthesis in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn Cell Suspension and Enhances Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cell Extracts. Molecules 2021; 26:791. [PMID: 33546424 PMCID: PMC7913645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn is a rich source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory flavonolignans with great potential for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Its biotechnological production using in vitro culture system has been proposed. Chitosan is a well-known elicitor that strongly affects both secondary metabolites and biomass production by plants. The effect of chitosan on S. marianum cell suspension is not known yet. In the present study, suspension cultures of S. marianum were exploited for their in vitro potential to produce bioactive flavonolignans in the presence of chitosan. Established cell suspension cultures were maintained on the same hormonal media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 1.0 mg/L NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid) under photoperiod 16/8 h (light/dark) and exposed to various treatments of chitosan (ranging from 0.5 to 50.0 mg/L). The highest biomass production was observed for cell suspension treated with 5.0 mg/L chitosan, resulting in 123.3 ± 1.7 g/L fresh weight (FW) and 17.7 ± 0.5 g/L dry weight (DW) productions. All chitosan treatments resulted in an overall increase in the accumulation of total flavonoids (5.0 ± 0.1 mg/g DW for 5.0 mg/L chitosan), total phenolic compounds (11.0 ± 0.2 mg/g DW for 0.5 mg/L chitosan) and silymarin (9.9 ± 0.5 mg/g DW for 0.5 mg/L chitosan). In particular, higher accumulation levels of silybin B (6.3 ± 0.2 mg/g DW), silybin A (1.2 ± 0.1 mg/g DW) and silydianin (1.0 ± 0.0 mg/g DW) were recorded for 0.5 mg/L chitosan. The corresponding extracts displayed enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities: in particular, high ABTS antioxidant activity (741.5 ± 4.4 μM Trolox C equivalent antioxidant capacity) was recorded in extracts obtained in presence of 0.5 mg/L of chitosan, whereas highest inhibitions of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2, 30.5 ± 1.3 %), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2, 33.9 ± 1.3 %) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX-2, 31.6 ± 1.2 %) enzymes involved in inflammation process were measured in extracts obtained in the presence of 5.0 mg/L of chitosan. Taken together, these results highlight the high potential of the chitosan elicitation in the S. marianum cell suspension for enhanced production of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory silymarin-rich extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.S.); (H.J.)
| | - Hasnain Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.S.); (H.J.)
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), University of Orleans, INRAE USC1328, F28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Jafir Hussain Shirazi
- Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), University of Orleans, INRAE USC1328, F28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.S.); (H.J.)
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Faur A, Watz C, Moacă EA, Avram Ş, Borcan F, Pinzaru I, Iftode A, Nicolov M, Popovici RA, Raica M, Szuhanek CA, Dehelean C. Correlations on Phenolic Screening Related to In Vitro and In Ovo Assessment of Ocimum basilicum L. Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts Used as Skin Active Ingredient. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225442. [PMID: 33233640 PMCID: PMC7699777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was aimed to evaluate the phenolic composition parameters of two hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (OB) obtained from the aerial part (without leaves) and leaves, in order to determine their contribution to the antioxidant activity (AOA). Both hydro-alcoholic extracts have proven to be rich in polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavonols and tannins. Therefore, the leaves’ extracts reveal an inhibition percentage of 89%, almost comparable with the standard reference (95%). To complete the toxicological profile, the study also assessed the potential cytotoxicity of basil hydro-alcoholic extracts on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), skin human fibroblasts (1BR3), mice epidermis (JB6Cl41-5a) and primary human melanocytes (HEMa) cells, correlated to A375 antitumor in vitro activity. The extracts did not induce significant cytotoxic effect on any of the selected normal cell lines but showed relevant activity on A375 cells. Considering the low values obtained regarding the irritative effects in the chorionallantoic membrane of the egg on blood vessels, we can emphasize that both extracts can be considered as biocompatible ingredients. Regarding the potential activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts on human skin, the decrease of erythema values after the application of extracts was a relevant observation which indicates the anti-inflammatory potential of Ocimum basilicum L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Faur
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Claudia Watz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-745-762-600
| | - Ştefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
| | - Andrada Iftode
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
| | - Mirela Nicolov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Ramona Amina Popovici
- Department of Management, Legislation and Communication in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Camelia A. Szuhanek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
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