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Xu L, Wang Y, Chen X, Cao L, Pang M. Study on the fabrication and controlled release behavior of N-Acetylneuraminic acid-loaded hydrogels stabilized by gelatin/whey protein isolate. Food Chem 2024; 456:139934. [PMID: 38852452 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Gelatin (GEL), pectin (PEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and whey protein isolate (WPI) were employed to formulate hydrogels for stabilizing N-Acetylneuraminic Acid (NeuAc). GEL/WPI-NeuAc hydrogels, irrespective of the ratio, exhibited a flexible and smooth surface with a continuous three-dimensional network structure internally. Porosity of the three types of hydrogels increased from 3.69% to 86.92% (GEL/WPI), 41.67% (PEC/WPI), and 87.62% (CMC/WPI), rendering them suitable as carriers for NeuAc encapsulation. The dynamic swelling behavior of all hydrogels followed Schott's second-order kinetics model. The degradation performance of GEL, PEC, and CMC/WPI-NeuAc hydrogels was optimal at a 5: 5 ratio, with degradation rates of 80.39 ± 1.26%, 82.38 ± 1.96%, and 81.39 ± 1.57%, respectively. GEL, PEC, CMC/WPI-NeuAc hydrogels demonstrated decreased release rates of 44.56%, 31.04%, and 41.26%, respectively, compared to free NeuAc, post gastric digestion. The present investigation suggests the potential of GEL/WPI hydrogels as effective carriers for delivering NeuAc encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Yingge Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Xiangsong Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Lili Cao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei 230009, PR China.
| | - Min Pang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei 230009, PR China.
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Vos GM, Wu Y, van der Woude R, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Isomeric I-branched Polylactosamines Using Traceless Blocking Groups. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302877. [PMID: 37909475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly-N-acetyl lactosamines (polyLacNAc) are common structural motifs of N- and O-linked glycan, glycosphingolipids and human milk oligosaccharides. They can be branched by the addition of β1,6-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) moieties to internal galactoside (Gal) residues by the I-branching enzyme beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (GCNT2). I-branching has been implicated in many biological processes and is also associated with various diseases such as cancer progression. Currently, there is a lack of methods that can install, in a regioselective manner, I-branches and allows the preparation of isomeric poly-LacNAc derivatives. Here, we described a chemo-enzymatic strategy that addresses this deficiency and is based on the enzymatic assembly of an oligo-LacNAc chain that at specific positions is modified by a GlcNTFA moiety. Replacement of the trifluoroacetyl (TFA) moiety by tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) gives compounds in which the galactoside at the proximal site is blocked from modification by GCNT2. After elaboration of the antennae, the Boc group can be removed, and the resulting amine acetylated to give natural I-branched structures. It is also shown that fucosides can function as a traceless blocking group that can provide complementary I-branched structures from a single precursor. The methodology made it possible to synthesize a library of polyLacNAc chains having various topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaёl M Vos
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn van der Woude
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA-30602, USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA-30602, USA
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3
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Althnaibat RM, Koch M, Bruce HL, Wefers D, Gänzle MG. Glycomacropeptide from camel milk inhibits the adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 to porcine cells. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chantakun K, Benjakul S. Characteristics and qualities of edible bird's nest beverage as affected by thermal pasteurization and sterilization. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:4056-4066. [PMID: 36193380 PMCID: PMC9525527 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Edible bird's nest beverage (B-nest-Bev) was produced from edible bird's nest (B-nest) flakes using different thermal processes. Pasteurization of B-nest-Bev at a low temperature for a longer time (LTLT) or at a high temperature for a shorter time (HTST) resulted in lower CIE L * , CIE a * , CIE b * -values, and drained weight (p < 0.05) than sterilization (118 or 121 °C). Sterilized and pasteurized B-nest-Bev had similar soluble solid contents and pH (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, acidified beverages pasteurized via either LTLT or HTST process had a marked decrease in sialic acid content. In addition, drastic protein degradation occurred in pasteurized acidified beverages, regardless of the conditions used, ascertained by the disappearance of major protein bands. However, polymerization of proteins took place in sterilized samples, irrespective of the temperature used. After digestion in a gastrointestinal tract model system (GIMs), all samples had increased (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). B-nest-Bev subjected to HTST pasteurization or sterilization at 121 °C had the best appearance and acceptability among all the treatments used. Therefore, thermal processes directly affected the properties and acceptability of B-nest-Bev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasidate Chantakun
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation (ICE-SSI), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation (ICE-SSI), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110 Thailand
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Reich JA, Aßmann M, Hölting K, Bubenheim P, Kuballa J, Liese A. Shift of the reaction equilibrium at high pressure in the continuous synthesis of neuraminic acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:567-579. [PMID: 35651700 PMCID: PMC9127241 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of a compound that helps fight against influenza is, in times of a pandemic, self-evident. In order to produce these compounds in vast quantities, many researchers consider continuous flow reactors in chemical industry as next stepping stone for large scale production. For these reasons, the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in a continuous fixed-bed reactor by an immobilized epimerase and aldolase was investigated in detail. The immobilized enzymes showed high stability, with half-life times > 173 days under storage conditions (6 °C in buffer) and reusability over 50 recycling steps, and were characterized regarding the reaction kinetics (initial rate) and scalability (different lab scales) in a batch reactor. The reaction kinetics were studied in a continuous flow reactor. A high-pressure circular reactor (up to 130 MPa) was applied for the investigation of changes in the position of the reaction equilibrium. By this, equilibrium conversion, selectivity, and yield were increased from 57.9% to 63.9%, 81.9% to 84.7%, and 47.5% to 54.1%, respectively. This indicates a reduction in molar volume from N-acetyl-ᴅ-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and pyruvate (Pyr) to Neu5Ac. In particular, the circular reactor showed great potential to study reactions at high pressure while allowing for easy sampling. Additionally, an increase in affinity of pyruvate towards both tested enzymes was observed when high pressure was applied, as evidenced by a decrease of KI for the epimerase and KM for the aldolase from 108 to 42 mM and 91 to 37 mM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis A Reich
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Aßmann
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hölting
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Bubenheim
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kuballa
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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YbdO Promotes the Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli K1 by Regulating Capsule Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105543. [PMID: 35628353 PMCID: PMC9141747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli K1 is the most popular neonatal meningitis-causing Gram-negative bacterium. As a key virulence determinant, the K1 capsule enhances the survival of E. coli K1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) upon crossing the blood–brain barrier; however, the regulatory mechanisms of capsule synthesis during E. coli K1 invasion of HBMECs remain unclear. Here, we identified YbdO as a transcriptional regulator that promotes E. coli K1 invasion of HBMECs by directly activating K1 capsule gene expression to increase K1 capsule synthesis. We found that ybdO deletion significantly reduced HBMEC invasion by E. coli K1 and meningitis occurrence in mice. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that YbdO directly activates kpsMT and neuDBACES expression, which encode products involved in K1 capsule transport and synthesis by directly binding to the kpsM promoter. Furthermore, ybdO transcription was directly repressed by histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), and we observed that acidic pH similar to that of early and late endosomes relieves this transcriptional repression. These findings demonstrated the regulatory mechanism of YbdO on K1 capsule synthesis, providing further insights into the evolution of E. coli K1 pathogenesis and host–pathogen interaction.
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Ling AJW, Chang LS, Babji AS, Latip J, Koketsu M, Lim SJ. Review of sialic acid's biochemistry, sources, extraction and functions with special reference to edible bird's nest. Food Chem 2021; 367:130755. [PMID: 34390910 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a group of nine-carbon α-keto acids. Sialic acid exists in more than 50 forms, with the natural types discovered as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), deaminoneuraminic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-nonulononic acid or Kdn), and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Sialic acid level varies depending on the source, where edible bird's nest (EBN), predominantly Neu5Ac, is among the major sources of sialic acid. Due to its high nutritive value and complexity, sialic acid has been studied extensively through acid, aqueous, and enzymatic extraction. Although detection by chromatographic methods or mass spectrometry is common, the isolation and recovery work remained limited. Sialic acid is well-recognised for its bioactivities, including brain and cognition development, immune-enhancing, anti-hypertensive, anticancer, and skin whitening properties. Therefore, sialic acid can be used as a functional ingredient in the various industries. This paper reviews the current trend in the biochemistry, sources, extraction, and functions of sialic acids with special reference to EBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Jin Wei Ling
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Sin Chang
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Salam Babji
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer (INOVASI@UKM), Chancellery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jalifah Latip
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Seng Joe Lim
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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