1
|
Ahmadi Tabar F, Lowdon JW, Bakhshi Sichani S, Khorshid M, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, Wagner P, van Grinsven B. An Overview on Recent Advances in Biomimetic Sensors for the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:130. [PMID: 38202993 PMCID: PMC10781331 DOI: 10.3390/s24010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of materials that have been widely used in the industrial production of a wide range of products. After decades of bioaccumulation in the environment, research has demonstrated that these compounds are toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Therefore, it is essential to map the extent of the problem to be able to remediate it properly in the next few decades. Current state-of-the-art detection platforms, however, are lab based and therefore too expensive and time-consuming for routine screening. Traditional biosensor tests based on, e.g., lateral flow assays may struggle with the low regulatory levels of PFAS (ng/mL), the complexity of environmental matrices and the presence of coexisting chemicals. Therefore, a lot of research effort has been directed towards the development of biomimetic receptors and their implementation into handheld, low-cost sensors. Numerous research groups have developed PFAS sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or aptamers. In order to transform these research efforts into tangible devices and implement them into environmental applications, it is necessary to provide an overview of these research efforts. This review aims to provide this overview and critically compare several technologies to each other to provide a recommendation for the direction of future research efforts focused on the development of the next generation of biomimetic PFAS sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi Tabar
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Joseph W. Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Soroush Bakhshi Sichani
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mehran Khorshid
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frigoli M, Lowdon JW, Caldara M, Arreguin-Campos R, Sewall J, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. Thermal Pyocyanin Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Indirect Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Sens 2023; 8:353-362. [PMID: 36599088 PMCID: PMC9887650 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous multi-drug-resistant bacterium, capable of causing serious illnesses and infections. This research focuses on the development of a thermal sensor for the indirect detection of P. aeruginosa infection using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). This was achieved by developing MIPs for the detection of pyocyanin, the main toxin secreted by P. aeruginosa. To this end, phenazine was used as a dummy template, evaluating several polymeric compositions to achieve a selective MIP for pyocyanin recognition. The sensitivity of the synthesized MIPs was investigated by UV-vis analysis, with the best composition having a maximum rebinding capacity of 30 μmol g-1 and an imprinting factor (IF) of 1.59. Subsequently, the MIP particles were immobilized onto planar aluminum chips using an adhesive layer, to perform thermal resistance measurements at clinically relevant concentrations of pyocyanin (1.4-9.8 μM), achieving a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.347 ± 0.027 μM. The selectivity of the sensor was also scrutinized by subjecting the receptor to potential interferents. Furthermore, the rebinding was demonstrated in King's A medium, highlighting the potential of the sensor for the indirect detection of P. aeruginosa in complex fluids. The research culminates in the demonstration of the MIP-based sensor's applicability for clinical diagnosis. To achieve this goal, an experiment was performed in which the sensor was exposed to pyocyanin-spiked saliva samples, achieving a limit of detection of 0.569 ± 0.063 μM and demonstrating that this technology is suitable to detect the presence of the toxin even at the very first stage of its production.
Collapse
|
3
|
Caldara M, Lowdon JW, Royakkers J, Peeters M, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Thermal Sensor for the Selective Detection of Melamine in Milk Samples. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182906. [PMID: 36141032 PMCID: PMC9498381 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, melamine-sensing technologies have increasingly gained attention, mainly due to the misuse of the molecule as an adulterant in milk and other foods. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are ideal candidates for the recognition of melamine in real-life samples. The prepared MIP particles were incorporated into a thermally conductive layer via micro-contact deposition and its response towards melamine was analyzed using the heat-transfer method (HTM). The sensor displayed an excellent selectivity when analyzing the thermal response to other chemicals commonly found in foods, and its applicability in food safety was demonstrated after evaluation in untreated milk samples, demonstrating a limit of detection of 6.02 μM. As the EU/US melamine legal limit in milk of 2.5 mg/kg falls within the linear range of the sensor, it can offer an innovative solution for routine screening of milk samples in order to detect adulteration with melamine. The results shown in this work thus demonstrate the great potential of a low-cost thermal platform for the detection of food adulteration in complex matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Caldara
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Joseph W. Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Royakkers
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Geng P, Sun S, Wang X, Ma L, Guo C, Li J, Guan M. Rapid and sensitive detection of amphetamine by SERS-based competitive immunoassay coupled with magnetic separation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2608-2615. [PMID: 35726804 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), as a psychiatric drug acting on the central nervous system, and has become one of the most common drugs of abuse in the illegal market at present, which adversely affects social public safety. We developed a SERS magnetic immunoassay with high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid and quantitative detection of AMP. We synthesized a high SERS intensity substrate (Au-XP013@Ag) using the "hot spot" effect and combined it with antibodies to form SERS immunotags (Au-XP013@Ag-AMP-mAb). Subsequently, the carboxyl magnetic beads were linked to label antigens as functional magnetic beads (carboxyl magnetic beads-AMP-BSA). Using the principle of competitive immunoassay, the Raman response value of the immune complex formed with SERS tags and functional magnetic beads was detected to realize the quantitative detection of AMP. The detection limit of this method for AMP was 2.28 ng mL-1. More importantly, a portable Raman instrument was used in this study, which can meet the requirements of point-of-care testing (POCT). Therefore, this SERS-based magnetic immunoassay can provide a favorable scientific basis for the control of drug abuse, monitoring by law enforcement agencies, and determination of drug users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Shijiao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Li Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Chang Guo
- Shanghai Simp Bio-Science Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jiutong Li
- Shanghai Simp Bio-Science Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Ming Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caldara M, Lowdon JW, Rogosic R, Arreguin-Campos R, Jimenez-Monroy KL, Heidt B, Tschulik K, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. Thermal Detection of Glucose in Urine Using a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as a Recognition Element. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4515-4525. [PMID: 34825565 PMCID: PMC8715537 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glucose bio-sensing
technologies have received increasing attention
in the last few decades, primarily due to the fundamental role that
glucose metabolism plays in diseases (e.g., diabetes). Molecularly
imprinted polymers (MIPs) could offer an alternative means of analysis
to a field that is traditionally dominated by enzyme-based devices,
posing superior chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of
fabrication. Their integration into sensing devices as recognition
elements has been extensively studied with different readout methods
such as quartz-crystal microbalance or impedance spectroscopy. In
this work, a dummy imprinting approach is introduced, describing the
synthesis
and optimization of a MIP toward the sensing of glucose. Integration
of this polymer into a thermally conductive receptor layer was achieved
by micro-contact deposition. In essence, the MIP particles are pressed
into a polyvinyl chloride adhesive layer using a polydimethylsiloxane
stamp. The prepared layer is then evaluated with the so-called heat-transfer
method, allowing the determination of the specificity and the sensitivity
of the receptor layer. Furthermore, the selectivity was assessed by
analyzing the thermal response after infusion with increasing concentrations
of different saccharide analogues in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
The obtained results show a linear range of the sensor of 0.0194–0.3300
mM for the detection of glucose in PBS. Finally, a potential application
of the sensor was demonstrated by exposing the receptor layer to increasing
concentrations of glucose in human urine samples, demonstrating a
linear range of 0.0444–0.3300 mM. The results obtained in this
paper highlight the applicability of the sensor both in terms of non-invasive
glucose monitoring and for the analysis of food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Caldara
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph W. Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Renato Rogosic
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Arreguin-Campos
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kathia L. Jimenez-Monroy
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Heidt
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
García Y, Vera M, Giraldo JD, Garrido-Miranda K, Jiménez VA, Urbano BF, Pereira ED. Microcystins Detection Methods: A Focus on Recent Advances Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Anal Chem 2021; 94:464-478. [PMID: 34874146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadiris García
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Myleidi Vera
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan D Giraldo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, 5480000 Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Karla Garrido-Miranda
- Center of Waste Management and Bioenergy, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, 4811230 Temuco, Chile
| | - Verónica A Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 4260000 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Bruno F Urbano
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo D Pereira
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Topographical Vacuum Sealing of 3D-Printed Multiplanar Microfluidic Structures. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100395. [PMID: 34677351 PMCID: PMC8534087 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel way of creating three-dimensional microfluidic channels capable of following complex topographies. To this end, substrates with open channels and different geometries were 3D-printed, and the open channels were consecutively closed with a thermoplastic using a low-resolution vacuum-forming approach. This process allows the sealing of channels that are located on the surface of complex multiplanar topographies, as the thermoplastic aligns with the surface-shape (the macrostructure) of the substrate, while the microchannels remain mostly free of thermoplastic as their small channel size resists thermoplastic inflow. This new process was analyzed for its capability to consistently close different substrate geometries, which showed reliable sealing of angles >90°. Furthermore, the thermoplastic intrusion into channels of different widths was quantified, showing a linear effect of channel width and percentage of thermoplastic intrusion; ranging from 43.76% for large channels with 2 mm width to only 5.33% for channels with 500 µm channel width. The challenging sealing of substrate ‘valleys’, which are created when two large protrusions are adjacent to each other, was investigated and the correlation between protrusion distance and height is shown. Lastly, we present three application examples: a serpentine mixer with channels spun around a cuboid, increasing the usable surface area; a cuvette-inspired flow cell for a 2-MXP biosensor based on molecular imprinted polymers, fitting inside a standard UV/Vis-Spectrophotometer; and an adapter system that can be manufactured by one-sided injection molding and is self-sealed before usage. These examples demonstrate how this novel technology can be used to easily adapt microfluidic circuits for application in biosensor platforms.
Collapse
|
8
|
Colorimetric Sensing of Amoxicillin Facilitated by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132221. [PMID: 34279364 PMCID: PMC8271505 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of the presented research orientates itself towards the development of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)-based dye displacement assay for the colorimetric detection of the antibiotic amoxicillin in aqueous medium. With this in mind, the initial development of an MIP capable of such a task sets focus on monolithic bulk polymerization to assess monomer/crosslinker combinations that have potential towards the binding of amoxicillin. The best performing composition (based on specificity and binding capacity) is utilized in the synthesis of MIP particles by emulsion polymerization, yielding particles that prove to be more homogenous in size and morphology compared to that of the crushed monolithic MIP, which is an essential trait when it comes to the accuracy of the resulting assay. The specificity and selectivity of the emulsion MIP proceeds to be highlighted, demonstrating a higher affinity towards amoxicillin compared to other compounds of the aminopenicillin class (ampicillin and cloxacillin). Conversion of the polymeric receptor is then undertaken, identifying a suitable dye for the displacement assay by means of binding experiments with malachite green, crystal violet, and mordant orange. Once identified, the optimal dye is then loaded onto the synthetic receptor, and the displaceability of the dye deduced by means of a dose response experiment. Alongside the sensitivity, the selectivity of the assay is scrutinized against cloxacillin and ampicillin. Yielding a dye displacement assay that can be used (semi-)quantitatively in a rapid manner.
Collapse
|