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Ceccarelli M, Milenkovic S, Bodrenko IV. The Effect of Lipopolysaccharides on the Electrostatic Properties of Gram-Negative General Porins from Enterobacteriaceae. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400147. [PMID: 38625051 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We investigated, by using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the effect of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, composed in the outer leaflet by polar/charged lipopolysaccharides (LPS), on the electrostatic properties of general porins from the Enterobacteriaceae family. General porins constitute the main path for the facilitated diffusion of polar antibiotics through the outer membrane. As model system we selected OmpK36 from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the ortholog of OmpC from Escherichia coli. This species presents high variability of amino acid composition of porins, with the effect to increase its resistance to the penetration of antibiotics. The various properties we analyzed seem to indicate that LPS acts as an independent layer without affecting the internal electrostatic properties of OmpK36. The only apparent effect on the microsecond time scale we sampled is the appearance of calcium ions, when present at moderate concentration in solution, inside the pore. However, we noticed increased fluctuations of the polarization density and only minor changes on its average value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ceccarelli
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, IT
| | - Stefan Milenkovic
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, IT
| | - Igor V Bodrenko
- Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Lab NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Lapierre J, Hub JS. Converging PMF Calculations of Antibiotic Permeation across an Outer Membrane Porin with Subkilocalorie per Mole Accuracy. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5319-5330. [PMID: 37560945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens led to a critical need for new antibiotics. A key property of effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria is their ability to permeate through the bacterial outer membrane via transmembrane porin proteins. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are, in principle, capable of modeling antibiotic permeation across outer membrane porins (OMPs). However, owing to sampling problems, it has remained challenging to obtain converged potentials of mean force (PMFs) for antibiotic permeation across OMPs. Here, we investigated the convergence of PMFs along a single collective variable aimed at quantifying the permeation of the antibiotic fosmidomycin across the OprO porin. We compared standard umbrella sampling (US) with three advanced flavors of the US technique: (i) Hamiltonian replica exchange with solute tempering in combination with US, (ii) simulated tempering-enhanced US, and (iii) replica-exchange US. To quantify the PMF convergence and to reveal hysteresis problems, we computed several independent sets of US simulations starting from pulling simulations in the outward and inward permeation directions. We find that replica-exchange US in combination with well-chosen restraints is highly successful for obtaining converged PMFs of fosmidomycin permeation through OprO, reaching PMFs converged to subkilocalorie per mole accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lapierre
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jochen S Hub
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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Tuveri GM, Ceccarelli M, Pira A, Bodrenko IV. The Optimal Permeation of Cyclic Boronates to Cross the Outer Membrane via the Porin Pathway. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070840. [PMID: 35884094 PMCID: PMC9311757 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the diffusion of three cyclic boronates formulated as beta-lactamase inhibitors through the porin OmpF to evaluate their potential to cross OM via the porin pathway. The three nonbeta-lactam molecules diffuse through the porin eyelet region with the same mechanism observed for beta-lactam molecules and diazobicyclooctan derivatives, with the electric dipole moment aligned with the transversal electric field. In particular, the BOH group can interact with both the basic ladder and the acidic loop L3, which is characteristic of the size-constricted region of this class of porins. On one hand, we confirm that the transport of small molecules through enterobacter porins has a common general mechanism; on the other, the class of cyclic boronate molecules does not seem to have particular difficulties in diffusing through enterobacter porins, thus representing a good scaffold for new anti-infectives targeting Gram-negative bacteria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Tuveri
- Molecular Bionics, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac, 10, 12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042-IT Cagliari, Italy;
- Centro Nazionale di Ricerca/Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR/IOM), Sezione di Cagliari, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042-IT Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pira
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042-IT Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Igor V. Bodrenko
- Centro Nazionale di Ricerca/Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR/IOM), Sezione di Cagliari, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042-IT Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759-DE Bremen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Bodrenko IV, Milenkovic S, Ceccarelli M. Diffusion of molecules through nanopores under confinement: Time-scale bridging and crowding effects via Markov state model. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:207-219. [PMID: 35417112 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive transport of molecules through nanopores is characterized by the interaction of molecules with pore internal walls and by a general crowding effect due to the constricted size of the nanopore itself, which limits the presence of molecules in its interior. The molecule-pore interaction is treated within the diffusion approximation by introducing the potential of mean force and the local diffusion coefficient for a correct statistical description. The crowding effect can be handled within the Markov state model approximation. By combining the two methods, one can deal with complex free energy surfaces taking into account crowding effects. We recapitulate the equations bridging the two models to calculate passive currents assuming a limited occupancy of the nanopore in a wide range of molecular concentrations. Several simple models are analyzed to clarify the consequences of the model. Eventually, a biologically relevant case of transport of an antibiotic molecule through a bacterial porin is used to draw conclusions (i) on the effects of crowding on transport of small molecules through biological channels, and (ii) to demonstrate its importance for modelling of cellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Bodrenko
- CNR/IOM, Section of Cagliari, c/o Department of Physics, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Milenkovic
- CNR/IOM, Section of Cagliari, c/o Department of Physics, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- CNR/IOM, Section of Cagliari, c/o Department of Physics, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Milenkovic S, Bodrenko IV, Carpaneto A, Ceccarelli M. The key role of the central cavity in sodium transport through ligand-gated two-pore channels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18461-18474. [PMID: 34612386 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02947a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular and organellar mechanisms have manifested a prominent importance for a broad variety of processes that maintain cellular life at its most basic level. Mammalian two-pore channels (TPCs) appear to be cornerstones of these processes in endo-lysosomes by controlling delicate ion-concentrations in their interiors. With evolutionary remarkable architecture and one-of-a-kind selectivity filter, TPCs are an extremely attractive topic per se. In the light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, hTPC2 emerges to be more than attractive. As a key regulator of the endocytosis pathway, it is potentially essential for diverse viral infections in humans, as demonstrated. Here, by means of multiscale molecular simulations, we propose a model of sodium transport from the lumen to the cytosol where the central cavity works as a reservoir. Since the inhibition of hTPC2 is proven to stop SARS-CoV2 in vitro, shedding light on the hTPC2 function and mechanism is the first step towards the selection of potential inhibiting candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milenkovic
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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Ab Initio Spectroscopic Investigation of Pharmacologically Relevant Chiral Molecules: The Cases of Avibactam, Cephems, and Idelalisib as Benchmarks for Antibiotics and Anticancer Drugs. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately measure or predict several physicochemical properties of molecules which play a role as active substances in drugs can be of strategic importance for pharmacological applications, in addition to its possible interest in fundamental research. Chirality is a relevant feature in the characterization of drug molecules: enantiomers can show different pharmacological activity and adverse effects. The ability to separate stereoisomers and to assign their absolute configuration can thus be crucial. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra are a useful tool to distinguish between enantiomers. In this work we apply an in-house developed code, based on an efficient DFT approach for circular dichroism, to fully characterize the molecular optical properties in the case of few selected fundamental molecules for current medical and pharmaceutical research, namely avibactam, as representative of non β-lactam inhibitors, two cephems (cefepime and cefoxitin), as examples of β-lactam antibiotics, and idelalisib, as a recent relevant anticancer active substance to treat major leukemias. For the above molecules, in addition to their optical absorption spectra, we calculate their CD spectra within state-of-the-art computational techniques. We then investigate both the conformational and chemical sensitivity of absorption and CD spectra for the chosen molecules. The outcomes of the present research could be of fundamental importance to gain additional information on molecules involved in therapeutic protocols for severe diseases or in drug design.
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