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De Strooper B, Karran E. New precision medicine avenues to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease from insights into the structure and function of γ-secretases. EMBO J 2024; 43:887-903. [PMID: 38396302 PMCID: PMC10943082 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Two phase-III clinical trials with anti-amyloid peptide antibodies have met their primary goal, i.e. slowing of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, antibody therapy may not be the optimal therapeutic modality for AD prevention, as we will discuss in the context of the earlier small molecules described as "γ-secretase modulators" (GSM). We review here the structure, function, and pathobiology of γ-secretases, with a focus on how mutations in presenilin genes result in early-onset AD. Significant progress has been made in generating compounds that act in a manner opposite to pathogenic presenilin mutations: they stabilize the proteinase-substrate complex, thereby increasing the processivity of substrate cleavage and altering the size spectrum of Aβ peptides produced. We propose the term "γ-secretase allosteric stabilizers" (GSAS) to distinguish these compounds from the rather heterogenous class of GSM. The GSAS represent, in theory, a precision medicine approach to the prevention of amyloid deposition, as they specifically target a discrete aspect in a complex cell biological signalling mechanism that initiates the pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, at the Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 AT, UK.
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Eric Karran
- Cambridge Research Center, AbbVie, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Li Z, Dang Q, Wang P, Zhao F, Huang J, Wang C, Liu X, Min W. Food-Derived Peptides: Beneficial CNS Effects and Cross-BBB Transmission Strategies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20453-20478. [PMID: 38085598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Food-derived peptides, as dietary supplements, have significant effects on promoting brain health and relieving central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly limits their in-brain bioavailability. Thus, overcoming the BBB to target the CNS is a major challenge for bioactive peptides in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases. This review discusses improvement in the neuroprotective function of food-derived active peptides in CNS diseases, as well as the source of BBB penetrating peptides (BBB-shuttles) and the mechanism of transmembrane transport. Notably, this review also discusses various peptide modification methods to overcome the low permeability and stability of the BBB. Lipification, glycosylation, introduction of disulfide bonds, and cyclization are effective strategies for improving the penetration efficiency of peptides through the BBB. This review provides a new prospective for improving their neuroprotective function and developing treatments to delay or even prevent CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Li
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Dang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
| | - Chongchong Wang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
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Useini L, Mojić M, Laube M, Lönnecke P, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Pietzsch J, Hey-Hawkins E. Carborane Analogues of Fenoprofen Exhibit Improved Antitumor Activity. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200583. [PMID: 36583943 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fenoprofen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) against rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis and gout. Like other NSAIDs, fenoprofen inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins by blocking both cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, COX-1 the "house-keeping" enzyme and COX-2 the induced isoform from pathological stimuli. Unselective inhibition of both COX isoforms results in many side effects, but off-target effects have also been reported. The steric modifications of the drugs could afford the desired COX-2 selectivity. Furthermore, NSAIDs have shown promising cytotoxic properties. The structural modification of fenoprofen using bulky dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (carborane) clusters and the biological evaluation of the carborane analogues for COX inhibition and antitumor potential showed that the carborane analogues exhibit stronger antitumor potential compared to their respective aryl-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Useini
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marija Mojić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Markus Laube
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Advances in nonclassical phenyl bioisosteres for drug structural optimization. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1681-1692. [PMID: 36317661 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenyl group is the most prevalent ring system and plays an essential role as a pharmacophore or scaffold in marketed drugs. However, the indiscriminate employment of phenyl is also a major cause of poor physicochemical properties of active molecules. Nonclassical phenyl bioisosteres (NPBs) have emerged as effective replacements for phenyl in structural optimization due to their unique steric structures and physicochemical properties. Herein, the effects of widely reported NPBs on physicochemical properties and biological activities, including bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP), bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCH), bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO), cubane (CUB) and closo-carboborane, are reviewed. Issues that require consideration while using NPBs and practical solutions to problems frequently encountered in structural optimization using NPBs are also discussed.
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5
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Useini L, Mojić M, Laube M, Lönnecke P, Dahme J, Sárosi MB, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Pietzsch J, Hey-Hawkins E. Carboranyl Analogues of Mefenamic Acid and Their Biological Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24282-24291. [PMID: 35874202 PMCID: PMC9301635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mefenamic acid represents a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to treat the pain of postoperative surgery and heavy menstrual bleeding. Like other NSAIDs, mefenamic acid inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins by nonselectively blocking cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms COX-1 and COX-2. For the improved selectivity of the drug and, therefore, reduced related side effects, the carborane analogues of mefenamic acid were evaluated. The ortho-, meta-, and para-carborane derivatives were synthesized in three steps: halogenation of the respective cluster, followed by a Pd-catalyzed B-N coupling and hydrolysis of the nitrile derivatives under acidic conditions. The COX inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity for different cancer cell lines revealed that the carborane analogues have stronger antitumor potential compared to their parent organic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Useini
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marija Mojić
- Department
of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”,
National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Markus Laube
- Department
of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Dahme
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Menyhárt B. Sárosi
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department
of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”,
National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department
of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”,
National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department
of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Carboranes in drug discovery, chemical biology and molecular imaging. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:486-504. [PMID: 37117309 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There exists a paucity of structural innovation and limited molecular diversity associated with molecular frameworks in drug discovery and biomolecular imaging/chemical probe design. The discovery and exploitation of new molecular entities for medical and biological applications will necessarily involve voyaging into previously unexplored regions of chemical space. Boron clusters, notably the carboranes, offer an alternative to conventional (poly)cyclic organic frameworks that may address some of the limitations associated with the use of novel molecular frameworks in chemical biology or medicine. The high thermal stability, unique 3D structure and aromaticity, kinetic inertness to metabolism and ability to engage in unusual types of intermolecular interactions, such as dihydrogen bonds, with biological receptors make carboranes exquisite frameworks in the design of probes for chemical biology, novel drug candidates and biomolecular imaging agents. This Review highlights the key developments of carborane derivatives made over the last decade as new design tools in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology, showcasing the versatility of this unique family of boron compounds.
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García-Morales V, González-Acedo A, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Pardo-Moreno T, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Montiel-Troya M, Ramos-Rodríguez JJ. Current Understanding of the Physiopathology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1910. [PMID: 34944723 PMCID: PMC8698840 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. It is characterized by cognitive decline and progressive memory loss. The aim of this review was to update the state of knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach to AD. Currently, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains the leading theory in the pathophysiology of AD. This hypothesis states that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition triggers a chemical cascade of events leading to the development of AD dementia. The antemortem diagnosis of AD is still based on clinical parameters. Diagnostic procedures in AD include fluid-based biomarkers such as those present in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma or diagnostic imaging methods. Currently, the therapeutic armory available focuses on symptom control and is based on four pillars: pharmacological treatment where acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stand out; pharmacological treatment under investigation which includes drugs focused on the control of Aβ pathology and tau hyperphosphorylation; treatment focusing on risk factors such as diabetes; or nonpharmacological treatments aimed at preventing development of the disease or treating symptoms through occupational therapy or psychological help. AD remains a largely unknown disease. Further research is needed to identify new biomarkers and therapies that can prevent progression of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria García-Morales
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Physiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Anabel González-Acedo
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (V.J.C.-R.)
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (V.J.C.-R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pardo-Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Gestión Sanitaria (INGESA), Primary Health Care, 51003 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Víctor Javier Costela-Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (V.J.C.-R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - María Montiel-Troya
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Juan José Ramos-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
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Wang D, Chen F, Han Z, Yin Z, Ge X, Lei P. Relationship Between Amyloid-β Deposition and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695479. [PMID: 34349624 PMCID: PMC8326917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the predominant pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production and deposition of Aβ are important factors affecting AD progression and prognosis. The deposition of neurotoxic Aβ contributes to damage of the blood-brain barrier. However, the BBB is also crucial in maintaining the normal metabolism of Aβ, and dysfunction of the BBB aggravates Aβ deposition. This review characterizes Aβ deposition and BBB damage in AD, summarizes their interactions, and details their respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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