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Dhameliya TM, Vekariya DD, Bhatt PR, Kachroo T, Virani KD, Patel KR, Bhatt S, Dholakia SP. Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8. [PMID: 38709459 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria caused by P. falciparum, has been recognized as one of the major infectious diseases causing the death of several patients as per the reports from the World Health Organization. In search of effective therapeutic agents against malaria, several research groups have started working on the design and development of novel heterocycles as anti-malarial agents. Heterocycles have been recognized as the pharmacophoric features for the different types of medicinally important activities. Among all these heterocycles, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles should not be underestimated owing to their wide therapeutic window. Amongst the aza-heterocycles, indoles and fused indoles such as marinoquinolines, isocryptolepines and their regioisomers, manzamines, neocryptolenines, and indolones have been recognized as anti-malarial agents active against P. falciparum. The present work unleashes the synthetic attempts of anti-malarial indoles and fused indoles through cyclocondensation, Fischer-indole synthesis, etc. along with the brief discussions on structure-activity relationships, in vitro or in vivo studies for the broader interest of these medicinal chemists, working on their design and development as potential anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India.
- Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Drashtiben D Vekariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja R Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kachroo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumkum D Virani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushi R Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shelly Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip P Dholakia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
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Håheim KS, Sydnes MO. Regiodivergent Synthesis and Biological Activities of Indoloquinoline Based Compounds. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300362. [PMID: 38319822 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Cryptolepine, neocryptolepine, and isocryptolepine have remained popular synthetic targets ever since their isolation from the aqueous extracts of the West African climbing shrub Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. These natural alkaloids were found to contain significant antimalarial, antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities, making them ideal starting points for the development of novel drug candidates. As natural product synthesis is often plagued with step-heavy procedures and poor atom economy, the discovery of synthetic protocols addressing these concerns are sorely needed. In our laboratories, we have devoted our efforts into the development of regiodivergent synthesis whereby two of the indoloquinoline natural products, namely neocryptolepine and 11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolines, could be assembled in only a few steps from a common and readily available starting material. Our synthetic endeavors to meet these goals include a cascade palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyuara cross-coupling and intramolecular C-N bond formation and a photochemical nitrene insertion strategy. Furthermore, our methods also allowed for the construction of several diversely functionalized natural product derivatives which were subjected to biological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja S Håheim
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, NO.4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, NO.4036, Stavanger, Norway
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Design and cytotoxic evaluation via apoptotic and antiproliferative activity for novel 11(4-aminophenylamino)neocryptolepine on hepatocellular and colorectal cancer cells. Apoptosis 2023; 28:653-668. [PMID: 36719468 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of 11(4-Aminophenylamino)neocryptolepine (APAN), a novel derivative of neocryptolepine, on hepatocellular (HepG2) and colon (HCT-116) carcinoma cell lines as well as, the possible molecular mechanism through which it exerts its cytotoxic activity. The APAN was synthesized and characterized based on their spectral analyses. Scanning for anticancer target of APAN by Swiss software indicated that APAN had highest affinity for protein tyrosine kinase 6 enzyme. Furthermore, Super pred software indicated that APAN can be indicated in hepatic and colorectal cells with 92%. Molecular docking studies indicated that the binding affinity scores of APAN for protein PDB code: 6CZ4 of tyrosine kinase 6 recorded of - 6.6084 and RMSD value of 0.8891°A, while that for protein PDB: 7JL7 of caspase 3 was - 6.1712 and RMSD of 0.8490°A. Treatment of HepG2 and HCT-116 cells with APAN induced cytotoxicity with IC50 of 2.6 and 1.82 μg/mL respectively. In addition, it induced injury and serious morphological changes in cells including, disappearance of microvilli, membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic condensation, and shrunken nucleus with more condensed chromatin. Moreover, APAN significantly increased protein expression of annexin V (apoptotic marker). Furthermore, APAN significantly increased protein expression of caspase 3 and P53. However, it significantly reduced secretion of VEGF protein into the medium and decreased protein expression of PCNA and Ki67 in HepG2 and HCT-116 cells. This study indicated that APAN had cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and HCT-116 cells via increasing the expression of apoptotic proteins and reducing the expression of proliferative proteins.
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Wittmann C, Bacher F, Enyedy EA, Dömötör O, Spengler G, Madejski C, Reynisson J, Arion VB. Highly Antiproliferative Latonduine and Indolo[2,3- c]quinoline Derivatives: Complex Formation with Copper(II) Markedly Changes the Kinase Inhibitory Profile. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2238-2261. [PMID: 35104137 PMCID: PMC8842277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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A series of latonduine
and indoloquinoline derivatives HL1–HL8 and their copper(II)
complexes (1–8) were synthesized and comprehensively
characterized. The structures of five compounds (HL6, [CuCl(L1)(DMF)]·DMF, [CuCl(L2)(CH3OH)], [CuCl(L3)]·0.5H2O, and [CuCl2(H2L5)]Cl·2DMF) were elucidated
by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The copper(II) complexes revealed
low micro- to sub-micromolar IC50 values with promising
selectivity toward human colon adenocarcinoma multidrug-resistant
Colo320 cancer cells as compared to the doxorubicin-sensitive Colo205
cell line. The lead compounds HL4 and 4 as well as HL8 and 8 induced apoptosis efficiently in Colo320 cells. In addition, the
copper(II) complexes had higher affinity to DNA than their metal-free
ligands. HL8 showed selective inhibition for
the PIM-1 enzyme, while 8 revealed strong inhibition
of five other enzymes, i.e., SGK-1, PKA, CaMK-1, GSK3β, and
MSK1, from a panel of 50 kinases. Furthermore, molecular modeling
of the ligands and complexes showed a good fit to the binding pockets
of these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wittmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse, 42, Vienna A1090, Austria
| | - Felix Bacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse, 42, Vienna A1090, Austria
| | - Eva A Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Christian Madejski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse, 42, Vienna A1090, Austria
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse, 42, Vienna A1090, Austria
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