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Silva MFE, Silva BR, Marques AN, Mattedi S, Carvalho RF. Effect of Hydrothermal Aging on Damping Properties in Sisal Mat-Reinforced Polyester Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:166. [PMID: 38256965 PMCID: PMC10818767 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal aging is a matter of considerable concern for natural fiber-reinforced polymers; it can alter dimensional stability and induce microcracks and macro strain on the composite structure. This study applied a sorption kinetic model and examined the effects of water on the damping factor of sisal mat-reinforced polyester composites. The experimental data were fitted well using a Boltzmann sigmoid function, suggesting a promising first step toward kinetic water sorption modeling. Additionally, a damping test was carried out using the impulse excitation technique, highlighting the composite material's dynamic response under varying water absorption conditions. The result showed that damping exhibited sensitivity to water absorption, increasing significantly during the first 24 h of immersion in water, then remained steady over time, inferring a critical time interval. An empirical model proved satisfactory with the correlation coefficient for sorption rates and damping of sisal mat polymeric composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés F. E. Silva
- Construction and Structures Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil; (M.F.E.S.); (B.R.S.); (A.N.M.)
- SENAI Institute of Technology in Civil Construction, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R. Silva
- Construction and Structures Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil; (M.F.E.S.); (B.R.S.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Adrielle N. Marques
- Construction and Structures Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil; (M.F.E.S.); (B.R.S.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Silvana Mattedi
- Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Carvalho
- Construction and Structures Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil; (M.F.E.S.); (B.R.S.); (A.N.M.)
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Ahmad Khairi MH, Mazlan SA, Ubaidillah U, Khaidir REM, Nordin NA, Johari MAF, Abdul Aziz SA, Shilan ST, Choi SB. The effect of salt water ageing on the mechanical and rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5810. [PMID: 37037883 PMCID: PMC10086040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the mechanical and rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) in marine ecosystems. The prepared samples comprised silicone rubber (SR) and 70 wt% micron-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), immersed in an artificial marine ecosystem using salt water (Natrium Chloride) for 30 days. The mechanical properties of MRE samples were evaluated using hardness and quasi-static tensile tests. While the rheometer was used to investigate the rheological properties of their storage modulus condition with magnetic field stimulation. Further analysis of the defects and damages caused by salt water ageing was done through morphological observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The results showed that the hardness and tensile strength of MRE samples that were soaked in salt water were affected over time. Lower values of hardness and tensile strength were obtained after 30 days due to the presence of Na+ and Cl-, which acted as an accelerator to the hydrolyzation process of the MRE. The process then, enhanced the water ingress capability into the matrix to cause the molecular changes. Interestingly, for rheological properties, 30 days of salt water ageing allowed the water molecules to move the MRE matrix molecular chains apart, a process known as plasticization and thus increasing the MR effect. Furthermore, morphological evidence was established to determine the MRE changes during salt water ageing. The research findings should greatly contribute to a better understanding of the effect of salt water on the performance of MRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) ikhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) ikhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ubaidillah Ubaidillah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, J1. Ir. Sutami 36A, Ketingan, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java, Indonesia.
| | - Rahayu Emilia Mohamed Khaidir
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) ikhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) ikhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) ikhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400, Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Malaysia
| | - Salihah Tan Shilan
- Pusat Asasi Stem, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Seung-Bok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The State University of New York, Korea (SUNY Korea), 119 Songdo Moonhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu Incheon, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea
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Surface Modification of Commingled Flax/PP and Flax/PLA Fibres by Silane or Atmospheric Argon Plasma Exposure to Improve Fibre–Matrix Adhesion in Composites. FIBERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Challenges faced by natural fibre-reinforced composites include poor compatibility between hydrophilic fibres such as flax and hydrophobic polymeric matrices such as polypropylene (PP) or poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and their inherent flammability. The former promotes weak interfacial adhesion between fibre and matrix, which may be further compromised by the addition of a flame retardant. This paper investigates the effect that the added flame retardant (FR), guanylurea methylphosphonate (GUP) and selected surface treatments of commingled flax and either PP or PLA fabrics have on the fibre/matrix interfacial cohesive forces in derived composites. Surface treatments included silanisation and atmospheric plasma flame exposure undertaken both individually and in sequence. 1-, 2- and 8-layered composite laminates were examined for their tensile, peeling and flexural properties, respectively, all of which yield measures of fibre-matrix cohesion. For FR-treated Flax/PP composites, maximum improvement was obtained with the combination of silane (using vinyltriethoxysilane) and plasma (150 W) treatments, with the highest peeling strength and flexural properties. However, for FR-treated Flax/PLA composites, maximum improvement in both properties occurred following 150 W plasma exposure only. The improvements in physical properties were matched by increased fibre-matrix adhesion as shown in SEM images of fractured laminates in which fibre-pullout had been eliminated.
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Dhakal HN, Jiang C, Sit M, Zhang Z, Khalfallah M, Grossmann E. Moisture Absorption Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Sandwich Biocomposites with Cork Core and Flax/PLA Face Sheets. Molecules 2021; 26:7295. [PMID: 34885876 PMCID: PMC8658862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the moisture absorption behaviour and its influence on the mechanical properties of newly developed sandwich biocomposites with flax fibre-reinforced poly-lactic acid (PLA) face sheets and soft cork as the core material. Three different types of sandwich biocomposite laminates comprised of different layup configurations, namely, non-woven flax/PLA (Sample A), non-woven flax/PLA and cork as core (Sample B) and non-woven flax/paper backing/PLA, cork as core (Sample C), were fabricated. In order to evaluate the influence of moisture ingress on the mechanical properties, the biocomposites were immersed in seawater for a period of 1200 h. The biocomposites (both dry and water immersed) were then subjected to tensile, flexural and low-velocity falling weight impact tests. It was observed from the experimental results that the moisture uptake significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the biocomposites. The presence of the cork and paper in sample C made it more susceptible to water absorption, reaching a value of 34.33%. The presence of cork in the core also has a considerable effect on the mechanical, as well as energy dissipation, behaviours. The results of sample A exhibited improved mechanical performance in both dry and wet conditions compared to samples B and C. Sample A exhibits 32.6% more tensile strength and 81.4% more flexural strength in dry conditions than that in sample C. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-CT images revealed that the failure modes observed are a combination of matrix cracking, core crushing and face core debonding. The results from this study suggest that flax/PLA sandwich biocomposites can be used in various lightweight applications with improved environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hom Nath Dhakal
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK; (C.J.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chulin Jiang
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK; (C.J.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Moumita Sit
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK; (C.J.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK; (C.J.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Moussa Khalfallah
- Kairos, 1 Rue des Senneurs, ZI du Moros, 29900 Concarneau, France; (M.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Erwan Grossmann
- Kairos, 1 Rue des Senneurs, ZI du Moros, 29900 Concarneau, France; (M.K.); (E.G.)
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Effect of Eco-Friendly Peanut Shell Powder on the Chemical Resistance, Physical, Thermal, and Thermomechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213690. [PMID: 34771247 PMCID: PMC8588497 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper investigates the synthesis of eco-friendly composites and their properties before and after immersion in solvents of different chemical natures. For their preparation, unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) based on recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and peanut shell powder (PSP) were used. Polymerization was carried out in the presence of environmentally friendly polymeric cobalt. Distilled water, acetone, 10% hydrochloric acid, 40% sodium hydroxide, toluene, and 2% sodium carbonate were used as solvents in the chemical resistance test. Changes in the structure, properties, and appearance (morphology) of composites after 140 days of immersion in solvents were investigated. The results show that both the resin and its composites show resistance towards 10% HCl and toluene. The immersion in water has no significant effect on the resin, but for PSP composites, the plasticizing effect of water was observed. In acetone, after only one day, the resin and its composite with 10% PSP shrink and fall into pieces. However, the most destructive is an alkaline environment. After the immersion test, a huge increase in mass and a deterioration of gloss and thermomechanical properties were observed. The destructive influence of the 40% NaOH environment mainly concerned the resin.
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