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Monzón González CR, Sánchez Vergara ME, Elías‐Espinosa MC, Rodríguez‐Valencia SA, López‐Mayorga BJ, Castillo‐Arroyave JL, Toscano RA, Flores OL, Álvarez Toledano C. Design of Promising Uranyl(VI) Complexes Thin Films with Potential Applications in Molecular Electronics. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300219. [PMID: 38180301 PMCID: PMC11164027 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, it is proposed the development of organic semiconductors (OS) based on uranyl(VI) complexes. The above by means of the synthesis and the characterization of the complexes by Infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Films of these complexes were deposited and subsequently, topographic and structural characterization was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Additionally, the nanomechanical evaluation was performed to know the stiffness of uranyl films using their modulus of elasticity. Also, the optical characterization took place in the devices and their bandgap value ranges between 2.40 and 2.93 eV being the minor for the film of the uranyl complex with the N on pyridine in position 4 (2 c). Finally, the electrical behavior of the uranyl(VI) films was evaluated, and important differences were obtained: the uranyl complex with the N on pyridine in position 2 (2 a) film is not influenced by changes in lighting and its current density is in the order of 10-3 A/cm2. The film with uranyl complex with the N on pyridine in position 3 (2 b) and 2 c presents a greater current flow under lighting conditions and two orders of magnitude larger than in film 2 a. In these films 2 b and 2 c, ohmic behavior occurs at low voltages, while at high voltages the charge transport changes to space-charge limited current behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Raúl Monzón González
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito Exterior s/n. C.U.Delegación Coyoacán, C.P.04510Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Facultad de IngenieríaUniversidad Anáhuac MéxicoAvenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas AnáhuacHuixquilucanEstado de México52786México
| | - Milton Carlos Elías‐Espinosa
- Tecnológico de MonterreyEscuela de Ingeniería y CienciasAv. Carlos Lazo 100Santa Fe, La LomaCiudad de MéxicoMéxico01389
- Tecnológico de MonterreyEscuela de Ingeniería y CienciasCalle del PuenteEjidos de Huipulco, TlalpanCiudad de MéxicoMéxico14380
| | - Sergio Arturo Rodríguez‐Valencia
- Tecnológico de MonterreyEscuela de Ingeniería y CienciasCarr. Lago de Guadalupe Km. 3.5, Col. Margarita Maza de JuárezAtizapán de ZaragozaEstado de MéxicoMéxico52926
| | - Byron José López‐Mayorga
- Escuela de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas y FarmaciaUniversidad de San Carlos de Guatemala11 avenidaCiudad de GuatemalaGuatemala01012
| | - José León Castillo‐Arroyave
- Escuela de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas y FarmaciaUniversidad de San Carlos de Guatemala11 avenidaCiudad de GuatemalaGuatemala01012
| | - Rubén Alfredo Toscano
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito Exterior s/n. C.U.Delegación Coyoacán, C.P.04510Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Octavio Lozada Flores
- Facultad de IngenieríaUniversidad PanamericanaAugusto Rodin 498Ciudad de México03920México
| | - Cecilio Álvarez Toledano
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito Exterior s/n. C.U.Delegación Coyoacán, C.P.04510Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
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Ballinas-Indilí R, Sánchez Vergara ME, Rosales-Amezcua SC, Hernández Méndez JA, López-Mayorga B, Miranda-Ruvalcaba R, Álvarez-Toledano C. Synthesis of New Ruthenium Complexes and Their Exploratory Study as Polymer Hybrid Composites in Organic Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1338. [PMID: 38794531 PMCID: PMC11125087 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric hybrid films, for their application in organic electronics, were produced from new ruthenium indanones in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by the drop-casting procedure. Initially, the synthesis and structural characterization of the ruthenium complexes were performed, and subsequently, their properties as a potential semiconductor material were explored. Hence hybrid films in ruthenium complexes were deposited using PMMA as a polymeric matrix. The hybrid films were characterized by infrared spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy. The obtained results confirmed that the presence of the ruthenium complexes enhanced the mechanical properties in addition to increasing the transmittance, favoring the determination of their optical parameters. Both hybrid films exhibited a maximum stress around 10.5 MPa and a Knoop hardness between 2.1 and 18.4. Regarding the optical parameters, the maximum transparency was obtained at wavelengths greater than 590 nm, the optical band gap was in the range of 1.73-2.24 eV, while the Tauc band gap was in the range of 1.68-2.17 eV, and the Urbach energy was between 0.29 and 0.50 eV. Consequently, the above comments are indicative of an adequate semiconductor behavior; hence, the target polymeric hybrid films must be welcomed as convenient candidates as active layers or transparent electrodes in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ballinas-Indilí
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico (R.M.-R.)
| | - María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Saulo C. Rosales-Amezcua
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico (C.Á.-T.)
| | - Joaquín André Hernández Méndez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Byron López-Mayorga
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 11 avenida, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala;
| | - René Miranda-Ruvalcaba
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico (R.M.-R.)
| | - Cecilio Álvarez-Toledano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico (C.Á.-T.)
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Ain QU, Fazal T, Iqbal S, Mahmood S, Ismail B, Shah M, Khan AM, Bahadur A, Alotaibi KM, Alshalwi M. Novel yellowish-green single-phased spinel Mg 1-xBa xAl 2O 4:Mn 2+ phosphor(s) for color rendering white-light-emitting diodes. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4724. [PMID: 38523053 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
For white light-rendering research activities, interpretation by using colored emitting materials is an alternative approach. But there are issues in designing the white color emitting materials. Particularly, differences in thermal and decay properties of discrete red, green, and blue emitting materials led to the quest for the search of a single-phased material, able to emit primary colors for white light generation. The current study is an effort to design a simple, single-phase, and cost-effective material with the tunable emission of primary colors by a series of Mg1-xBaxAl2O4:Mn2+ nanopowders. Doping of manganese ion (Mn2+) in the presence of the larger barium cation (Ba2+) at tetrahedral-sites of the spinel magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) structure led to the creation of antisite defects. Doped samples were found to have lower bandgaps compared with MgAl2O4, and hybridization of 3d-orbitals of Mn2+ with O(2p), Mg(2s)/Al(2s3p) was found to be responsible for narrowing the bandgap. The distribution of cations at various sites at random results in a variety of electronic transitions between the valance band and oxygen vacancies as well as electron traps produced the antisite defects. The suggested compositions might be used in white light applications since they have three emission bands with centers at 516 nm (green), 464 nm (blue) and 622 nm (red) at an excitation wavelength of 380 nm. A detailed discussion to analyze the effects of the larger cationic radius of Ba2+ on the lattice strain, unit cell parameters, and cell volumes using X-ray diffraction analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Sajid Mahmood
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
- Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref, Kuwait
| | - Bushra Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mazloom Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Grand Asian University Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bahadur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mathematics, and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
- Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khalid M Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matar Alshalwi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sánchez Vergara ME, Sandoval Plata EI, Ballinas Indili R, Salcedo R, Álvarez Toledano C. Structural determination, characterization and computational studies of doped semiconductors base silicon phthalocyanine dihydroxide and dienynoic acids. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25518. [PMID: 38356521 PMCID: PMC10864961 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical doping of silicon phthalocyanine dihydroxide (SiPc(OH)2), with (2E, 4Z)-5, 7-diphenylhepta-2, 4-dien-6-ynoic acids (DAc) with electron-withdrawing (BrDAc) and electron-donating (MeODAc) substituents is the main purpose of this work. Theoretical calculations were carried out on Gaussian16 software, with geometrical optimization of all involved species, and obtention of the highest occupied molecule orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and the respective energy gaps. The theoretical calculations show two hydrogen bridge formations: the first one as a peripheral interaction between the terminal oxygen atoms from the acid unit and hydrogen atoms from the phthalocyanine aromatic rings. The second one as the interaction at the nitrogen atoms of the phthalocyanine, which are compelled to form a new flat plane far from the original flat phthalocyanine deck. These organic semiconductors were deposited as thin films and characterized by IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the optical parameters were gathered from UV-Vis studies. The indirect and direct optical band gap, the onset gap and the Urbach energy were obtained. In order to compare the effect of the acids as dopants of the silicon phthalocyanine, the SiPc(OH)2-DAc films were electrically characterized. The SiPc(OH)2-DAc films exhibit an ambipolar electrical behavior, which is influenced by the incidence of different lighting conditions at voltages above 0.3V. The glass/ITO/SiPc(OH)2-MeODAc/Ag reaches a maximum current of 5.68 × 10-5 A for natural light condition, while the glass/ITO/SiPc(OH)2-BrDAc/Ag, reaches a maximum current of 9.21 × 10-9 A for white illumination condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Emilio I. Sandoval Plata
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ballinas Indili
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Salcedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cecilio Álvarez Toledano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Younus J, Shahzad W, Ismail B, Fazal T, Shah M, Iqbal S, Jawhari AH, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA. Engineering the optical properties of nickel sulphide thin films by zinc integration for photovoltaic applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27415-27422. [PMID: 37711371 PMCID: PMC10498150 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thin films of binary nickel sulphide (NiS) and zinc-doped ternary nickel sulphides (Ni1-xZnxS, where x = 0-1) were effectively produced by the chemical bath deposition method, and their potential use in photovoltaics were investigated. Dopant inclusion did not change the crystal structure of NiS, according to the structural analysis of the synthesized samples. They are appropriate for solar cell applications since the morphological study verified the crack-free deposition. Optical research revealed that the deposited thin films had refractive index (n) ranges between 1.25 and 3.0, extinction coefficient (k) ranges between 0.01 and 0.13, and bandgap values between 2.25 and 2.54 eV. Overall findings indicated that doping is a useful method for modifying the composition, and therefore, the structural and morphological characteristics of NiS thin films, to enhance their optoelectronic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Younus
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus 22060 Pakistan
| | - Warda Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus 22060 Pakistan
| | - Bushra Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus 22060 Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST) Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Mazloom Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Grand Asian University Sialkot Pakistan
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST) H-12 Islamabad 46000 Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Hussain Jawhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University P.O. Box 2097 Jazan 45142 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S Awwad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Ibrahium
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
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Sánchez Vergara ME, Hernández Méndez JA, González Verdugo D, Giammattei Funes IM, Lozada Flores O. Influence of the Polymeric Matrix on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Copper Porphine-Based Semiconductor Hybrid Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3125. [PMID: 37514514 PMCID: PMC10386378 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the electrical and optical behavior of semiconductor hybrid films fabricated from octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine copper (CuP), embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS). The hybrid films were characterized structurally and morphologically using infrared spectroscopy (IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Subsequently, the PMMA:CuP and PS:CuP hybrid films were evaluated optically by UV-vis spectroscopy, as well as electrically, with the four-point collinear method. Hybrid films present a homogeneous and low roughness morphology. In addition, the PS matrix allows the crystallization of the porphin, while PMMA promotes the amorphous structure in CuP. The polymeric matrix also affects the optical behavior of the films, since the smallest optical gap (2.16 eV) and onset gap (1.89 eV), and the highest transparency are obtained in the film with a PMMA matrix. Finally, the electrical behavior in hybrid films is also affected by the matrix: the largest amount of current carried is approximately 0.01 A for the PS:CuP film, and 0.0015 A for the PMMA:CuP film. Thanks to the above properties, hybrid films are promising candidates for use in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Mexico City 52786, Mexico
| | - Joaquín André Hernández Méndez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Mexico City 52786, Mexico
| | - Daniela González Verdugo
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Mexico City 52786, Mexico
| | | | - Octavio Lozada Flores
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Augusto Rodin 498, Mexico City 03920, Mexico
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Sánchez Vergara ME, Agraz Rentería MJ, Vázquez-Olmos AR, Rincón-Granados KL, Álvarez Bada JR, Sato-Berrú RY. Fabrication and Characterization of Hybrid Films Based on NiFe 2O 4 Nanoparticles in a Polymeric Matrix for Applications in Organic Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091525. [PMID: 37177070 PMCID: PMC10180306 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid films for applications in organic electronics from NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in poly(3,4 ethylene dioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were fabricated by the spin-coating technique. The films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to subsequently determine their optical parameters. The electronic transport of the hybrid films was determined in bulk heterojunction devices. The presence of NiFe2O4 NPs reinforces mechanical properties and increases transmittance in the hybrid films; the PEDOT:PSS-NiFe2O4 NPs film is the one that has a maximum stress of 28 MPa and a Knoop hardness of 0.103, while the PMMA-NiFe2O4 NPs film has the highest transmittance of (87%). The Tauc band gap is in the range of 3.78-3.9 eV, and the Urbach energy is in the range of 0.24-0.33 eV. Regarding electrical behavior, the main effect is exerted by the matrix, although the current carried is of the same order of magnitude for the two devices: glass/ITO/polymer-NiFe2O4 NPs/Ag. NiFe2O4 NPs enhance the mechanical, optical, and electrical behavior of the hybrid films and can be used as semi-transparent anodes and as active layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María José Agraz Rentería
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - América R Vázquez-Olmos
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karen L Rincón-Granados
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Ramón Álvarez Bada
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Y Sato-Berrú
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Sánchez Vergara ME, Gómez E, Toledo Dircio E, Álvarez Bada JR, Cuenca Pérez S, Galván Hidalgo JM, González Hernández A, Hernández Ortega S. Pentacoordinated Organotin(IV) Complexes as an Alternative in the Design of Highly Efficient Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Devices: Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065255. [PMID: 36982325 PMCID: PMC10049675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of four pentacoordinated organotin(IV) complexes prepared in a one-pot reaction from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine and organotin oxides is reported. The complexes were characterized by UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR techniques. The compound based on 2,2-diphenyl-6-aza-1,3-dioxa-2-stannanaphtho[1,2-h]pyrido[3,2-d]cyclononene revealed the formation of a monomeric complex with a distorted five-coordinated molecular geometry intermediate between the trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal. In order to find possible applications in photovoltaic devices, hybrid films of organotin(IV) complexes embedded in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with graphene were deposited. The topographic and mechanical properties were examined. The film with the complex integrated into the cyclohexyl substituent has high plastic deformation, with a maximum stress of 1.69 × 107 Pa and a Knoop hardness of 0.061. The lowest values of 1.85 eV for the onset gap and 3.53 eV for the energy gap were obtained for the heterostructure having the complex with the phenyl substituent. Bulk heterojunction devices were fabricated; these devices showed ohmic behavior at low voltages and a space-charge-limited current (SCLC) conduction mechanism at higher voltages. A value of 0.02 A was found for the maximum carried current. The SCLC mechanism suggests hole mobility values of between 2.62 × 10−2 and 3.63 cm2/V.s and concentrations of thermally excited holes between 2.96 × 1018 and 4.38 × 1018 m−3.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.E.S.V.); (E.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Gómez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.E.S.V.); (E.G.)
| | - Emiliano Toledo Dircio
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - José Ramón Álvarez Bada
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Samuel Cuenca Pérez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José Miguel Galván Hidalgo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Arturo González Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Simón Hernández Ortega
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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