HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS Analyses of Thymus vulgaris Phytochemicals Executing In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activities and Effects on COX-1, COX-2 and Gastric Cancer Genes Computationally

Computational identification of potential bioactive compounds from Triphala against alcoholic liver injury by targeting alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcoholic liver injury resulting from excessive alcohol consumption is a significant social concern. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays a critical role in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde, leading to tissue damage. The management of alcoholic liver injury encompasses nutritional support and, in severe cases liver transplantation, but potential adverse effects exist, and effective medications are currently unavailable. Natural products with their potential benefits and historical use in traditional medicine emerge as promising alternatives. Triphala, a traditional polyherbal formula demonstrates beneficial effects in addressing diverse health concerns, with a notable impact on treating alcoholic liver damage through enhanced liver metabolism. The present study aims to identify potential active phytocompounds in Triphala targeting ADH to prevent alcoholic liver injury. Screening 119 phytocompounds from the Triphala formulation revealed 62 of them showing binding affinity to the active site of the ADH1B protein. Promising lipid-like molecule from Terminalia bellirica, (4aS, 6aR, 6aR, 6bR, 7R, 8aR, 9R, 10R, 11R, 12aR, 14bS)-7, 10, 11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2, 2, 6a, 6b, 9, 12a-hexamethyl-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 8a, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid showed high binding efficiency to a competitive ADH inhibitor, 4-Methylpyrazole. Pharmacokinetic analysis further confirmed the drug-likeness and non-hepatotoxicity of the top-ranked compound. Molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA studies revealed the stability of the docked complexes with minimal fluctuation and consistency of the hydrogen bonds throughout the simulation. Together, computational investigations suggest that (4aS, 6aR, 6aR, 6bR, 7R, 8aR, 9R, 10R, 11R, 12aR, 14bS)-7, 10, 11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2, 2, 6a, 6b, 9, 12a-hexamethyl-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 8a, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid from the Triphala formulation holds promise as an ADH inhibitor, suggesting an alternative therapy for alcoholic liver injury.

An Overview of the Spices Used for the Prevention and Potential Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks third in terms of cancer-related deaths and is the fifth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Its risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, the consumption of broiled and charbroiled animal meats, salt-preserved and smoke-enhanced foods, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, exposure to ionizing radiation, and positive family history. The limited effectiveness of conventional therapies and the widespread risk factors of GC encourage the search for new methods of treatment and prevention. In the quest for cheap and commonly available medications, numerous studies focus on herbal medicine, traditional brews, and spices. In this review, we outline the potential use of spices, including turmeric, ginger, garlic, black cumin, chili pepper, saffron, black pepper, rosemary, galangal, coriander, wasabi, cinnamon, oregano, cardamom, fenugreek, caraway, clove, dill, thyme, Piper sarmentosum, basil, as well as the compounds they contain, in the prevention and treatment of GC. We present the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the effectivity of a given seasoning substance and their impact on GC cells. We discuss their potential effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. For most of the spices discussed, we also outline the unavailability and side effects of their use.

Investigating the anti-cancer compounds from Calliandra harrisii for precision medicine in pancreatic cancer via in-silico drug design and GC-MS analysis

Pancreatic cancer is a fatal illness caused by mutations in multiple genes. Pancreatic cancer damages the organ that helps in digestion, resulting in symptoms including fatigue, bloating, and nausea. The use of medicinal plants has been crucial in the treatment of numerous disorders. The medicinal plant Calliandra Harrisi has been widely exploited for its possibilities in biology and medicine. The current study aimed to assess the biopotential of biologically active substances against pancreatic cancer. The GC-MS data of these phytochemicals from Calliandra Harrisi were further subjected to computational approaches with pancreatic cancer genes to evaluate their potential as therapeutic candidates. Molecular docking analysis revealed that N-[Carboxymethyl] maleamic acid is the leading molecule responsible for protein denaturation inhibition, having the highest binding affinity of 6.8 kJ/mol among all other compounds with KRAS inflammatory proteins. Furthermore, ADMET analysis and Lipinski's rule validation were also performed revealing its higher absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The results of the hepatotoxicity test demonstrated that phytochemicals are non-toxic, safe to use, and do not cause necrosis, fibrosis, or vacuolar degeneration even at excessive levels. Calliandra Harrisi has phytoconstituents that have a variety of pharmacological uses in consideration.

Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of butanol extract of L. edodes with in- silico virtual screening

L. edodes (L. edodes) is the most consumed mushroom in the world and has been well known for its therapeutic potential as an edible and medicinal candidate, it contains dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates. In the current study butanolic extract of mushroom was used to form semisolid butanol extract. The current study aimed to explore biometabolites that might have biological activities in n-butanol extract of L. edodes using FT-IR and GC-MS and LC-MS. The synergistic properties of bioactive compounds were futher assessed by performing different biological assays such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. FTIR spectra showed different functional groups including amide N-H group, Alkane (C-H stretching), and (C = C stretching) groups at different spectrum peaks in the range of 500 cm-1 to 5000 cm-1 respectively. GC-MS profiling of n-butanol extract depicted 34 potent biomolecules among those dimethyl; Morphine, 2TMS derivative; Benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol were spotted at highest range. Results indicate that L. edodes n-butanol extract showed a maximum anti-inflammatory potential 91.4% at 300 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was observed by measuring free radical scavenging activity which is 64.6% at optimized concentration along with good antidiabetic activity. In-silico study executed the biopotential of active ingredient morphine which proved the best docking score (- 7.0 kJ/mol) against aldose reductase. The in-silico drug design analysis was performed on biometabolites detected through GC-MS that might be a potential target for sulfatase-2 to treat ruminated arthritis. Morphine binds more strongly (- 7.9 kJ/mol) than other bioactive constituents indicated. QSAR and ADMET analysis shown that morphine is a good candidates against ruminated arthritis. The current study showed that L. edodes might be used as potent drug molecules to cure multiple ailments. As mushrooms have high bioactivity, they can be used against different diseases and to develop antibacterial drugs based on the current situation in the world in which drug resistance is going to increase due to misuse of antibiotics so new and noval biological active compounds are needed to overcome the situation.

Synthetic polyploidization induces enhanced phytochemical profile and biological activities in Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil

Essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L. has valuable therapeutic potential that is highly desired in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Considering these advantages and the rising market demand, induced polyploids were obtained using oryzalin to enhance essential oil yield. However, their therapeutic values were unexplored. So, this study aims to assess the phytochemical content, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of tetraploid and diploid thyme essential oils. Induced tetraploids had 41.11% higher essential oil yield with enhanced thymol and γ-terpinene content than diploid. Tetraploids exhibited higher antibacterial activity against all tested microorganisms. Similarly, in DPPH radical scavenging assay tetraploid essential oil was more potent with half-maximal inhibitory doses (IC50) of 180.03 µg/mL (40.05 µg TE/mg) than diploid with IC50 > 512 µg/mL (12.68 µg TE/mg). Tetraploids exhibited more effective inhibition of in vitro catalytic activity of pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than diploids at 50 µg/mL concentration. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed higher binding affinity of thymol and γ-terpinene towards tested protein receptors, which explained enhanced bioactivity of tetraploid essential oil. In conclusion, these results suggest that synthetic polyploidization using oryzalin could effectively enhance the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites and can develop more efficient essential oil-based commercial products using this induced genotype.

Optimal Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Leaves of Pongamia pinnata via Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networking

This research work seeks to evaluate the impact of selected enzyme complexes on the optimised release of phenolics from leaves of Pongamia pinnata. After preliminary solvent extraction, the P. pinnata leaf extract was subjected to enzymatic treatment, using enzyme cocktails such as kemzyme dry-plus, natuzyme, and zympex-014. It was noticed that zympex-014 had a greater extract yield (28.0%) than kemzyme dry-plus (17.0%) and natuzyme (18.0%). Based on the better outcomes, zympex-014-based extract values were subsequently applied to several RSM parameters. The selected model is suggested to be significant by the F value (12.50) and R2 value (0.9669). The applicability of the ANN model was shown by how closely the projected values from the ANN were to the experimental values. In terms of total phenolic contents (18.61 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (12.56 mg CE/g), and DPPH test (IC50) (6.5 g/mL), antioxidant activities also shown significant findings. SEM analysis also revealed that the cell walls were damaged during enzymatic hydrolysis, as opposed to non-hydrolysed material. Using GC-MS, five potent phenolic compounds were identified in P. pinnata extract. According to the findings of this study, the recovery of phenolic bioactives and subsequent increase in the antioxidant capacity of P. pinnata leaf extract were both positively impacted by the optimisation approaches suggested, including the use of zympex-014.

Rapid and efficient removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using extract-modified Zn-Al LDH

Environmental pollution, particularly water pollution caused by organic substances like synthetic dyes, is a pressing global concern. This study focuses on enhancing the adsorption capacity of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The synthesized materials are characterized using techniques like FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, EDS, BET, BJH, AFM, and UV-Vis DRS. Adsorption experiments show that Zn-Al LDH@ext exhibits a significant adsorption capacity for MB dye compared to pristine LDH. In addition, Zn-Al LDH@ext shows a significant increase in stability, which is attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract and the interactions between the functional groups of the extract and LDH. The pH and adsorbent dosage optimizations show that pH 7 and 0.7 g of Zn-Al LDH@ext are optimal conditions for efficient MB removal. The study assessed adsorption kinetics through the examination of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. Additionally, four kinetic models, namely pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich, were analyzed. The results indicated that the Temkin isotherm (R2 = 0.9927), and pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.9999) kinetic provided the best fit to the experimental data. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance adsorption efficiency using modified LDHs, contributing to environmentally friendly and cost-effective water treatment methods.

Anti-insomnia Effect of a Polyherbal Formulation on P-chlorophenyalanine Induced Experimental Animal Model

Sleep is a dynamic and controlled set of physiological and behavioural practices during which the stabilisation and restoration processes of the body take place properly. Therefore, sleep disorders, especially chronic insomnia, can harm an individual's physical and mental health. However, the therapeutic alternatives are limited and possess severe side effects. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-insomnia effect of a polyherbal formulation (Sleep) (SLP) on p-chlorophenyalanine (PCPA) induced insomnia in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of PCPA induced the experimental condition, and the therapeutic effect of SLP was evaluated by studying the sleep pattern and expression of various neurotransmitters and receptors, along with neurotrophins. Moreover, insomnia-associated oxidative stress and inflammation were also studied. From the findings, we found that the SLP-supplemented animals improved their sleeping behaviour and that the major neurotransmitters, hormones, and receptors were maintained at an equilibrium level. Furthermore, the neurotrophin level was increased and pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced. The evaluation of oxidative stress markers shows that the antioxidants were significantly boosted, and as a result, lipid peroxidation was prevented. The overall findings suggest that SLP can be used as an effective medication for the treatment of sleep disorders like insomnia as it triggers the major neurotransmitter system.

Characterization, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Produced via Green Synthesis Method Using Thymus Vulgaris Aqueous Extract

Introduction

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been found to exhibit unique properties which show their potential to be used in various therapies. Green synthesis of AgNPs has been progressively gaining acceptance due to its cost-effectiveness and energy-efficient nature.

Objective

In the current study, aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) was used to synthesize the AgNPs using green synthesis techniques followed by checking the effectiveness and various biological activities of these AgNPs.

Methods

At first, the plant samples were proceeded for extraction of aqueous extracts followed by chromatography studies to measure the phenolics and flavonoids. The synthesis and characterization of AgNPs were done using green synthesis techniques and were confirmed using Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, zeta sizer and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. After confirmation of synthesized AgNPs, various biological activities were checked.

Results

The chromatography analysis detected nine compounds accounting for 100% of the total amount of plant constituents. The FT-IR, UV-vis spectra, SEM, zeta potential, zeta sizer and XRD analysis confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs and the variety of chemical components present on the surface of synthesized AgNPs in the plant extract. The antioxidant activity of AgNPs showed 92% inhibition at the concentration of at 1000 µg/mL. A greater inhibitory effect in anti-diabetic analysis was observed with synthesized AgNPs as compared to the standard AgNPs. The hemolytic activity was low, but despite low concentrations of hemolysis activity, AgNPs proved not to be toxic or biocompatible. The anti-inflammatory activity of AgNPs was observed by in-vitro and in-vivo approaches in range at various concentrations, while maximum inhibition occurs at 1000 µg (77.31%).

Conclusion

Our data showed that the potential biological activities of the bioactive constituents of T. vulgaris can be enhanced through green synthesis of AgNPs from T. vulgaris aqueous extracts. In addition, the current study depicted that AgNPs have good potential to cure different ailments as biogenic nano-medicine.

Elucidating the effects of heavy metals contamination on vital organ of fish and migratory birds found at fresh water ecosystem

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments threatens marine life and lowers the quality of freshwater supplies. This research aimed to quantify the heavy metal concentration in fish, avian tissue, and water of the Mangla reservoir. Concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb were determined in five vital organs of six species of fishes (Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio, Sperata seenghala) and five species of migratory birds (Anas strepera, Aythya ferina, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas crecca, Anas clypeata) and water of Mangla dam. Heavy metal concentration was observed with AAS' help after the samples' complete chemical digestion. The average concentration of these metals in water samples was higher than the mean values in fish and birds. Heavy metals damaged fish and birds in the same order: Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb. The results of this research will hopefully prompt further consideration on the dangers of heavy metal contamination in freshwater ecosystem.

Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Madhuca indica Plant Extract and Assessment of Their Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Diabetic Properties via Different Nanoinformatics Approaches

Recently, nanobiotechnology has attracted a lot of attention, as it is a rapidly emerging field that is still growing and developing efficient and advanced therapeutic protocols under the umbrella of nanomedicine. It can revolutionize solutions to biomedical problems by developing effective treatment protocols and therapeutics. However, focus and research are still required to make these therapeutics more effective and safer to use. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from Madhuca indica extract using green synthesis protocols. The nanoparticles were further characterized based on their absorption spectrum, size, structural morphology, and other related parameters. Biological assays were also performed to evaluate biological applications for the synthesized nanoparticles. In silico analysis was performed to assess the druglike properties of synthesized nanoparticles. The results proved an optimized synthesis of the iron oxide nanoparticles with the size of 56 nm confirmed by SEM. The FTIR analysis predicted the presence of nitro and carbonyl groups in the synthesized nanoparticles. The 81% DPPH inhibition confirmed the antioxidant activity, and the 96.20% inhibition of egg albumin protein confirmed the anti-inflamatory activity. Additionally, the 73.26% inhibition of α-amylase, which was more than that of the control used, confirmed the antidiabetic activity. The ADMET analysis confirmed the synthesized nanoparticles as potential therapeutic candidates as well. However, further evaluation for safety concerns is still required to use these FeONPs as potential therapeutic agents. This study can be proved as a significant contribution to the scientific community and a gateway to the future scientists who are willing to work on nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology. ADMET analysis confirmed the synthesized nanoparticles as potential therapeutic candidates as well. However, further evaluation for safety concerns is still required to use these FeONPs and potential therapeutic agents.

Remnants from the Past: From an 18th Century Manuscript to 21st Century Ethnobotany in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy)

BACKGROUND

This project originated from the study of an 18th century manuscript found in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy) which contains 200 plant-based medicinal remedies. A first comparison with published books concerning 20th century folk medicine in the Valley led to the designing of an ethnobotanical investigation, aimed at making a thorough comparison between past and current phytotherapy knowledge in this territory.

METHODS

The field investigation was conducted through semi-structured interviews. All data collected was entered in a database and subsequently processed. A diachronic comparison between the field results, the manuscript, and a 20th century book was then performed.

RESULTS

A total of 109 interviews were conducted and the use of 103 medicinal plants, belonging to 46 families, was noted. A decrease in number of plant taxa and uses was observed over time, with only 42 taxa and 34 uses reported in the manuscript being currently known by the people of the valley. A thorough comparison with the remedies in the manuscript highlighted similar recipes for 12 species. Specifically, the use of agrimony in Valle Imagna for the treatment of deep wounds calls back to an ancient remedy against leg ulcers based on this species.

CONCLUSIONS

The preliminary results of this study allow us to outline the partial passage through time fragments of ancient plant-based remedies once used in the investigated area.

Enhancement of shelf-life of food items via immobilized enzyme nanoparticles on varied supports. A sustainable approach towards food safety and sustainability

This study was designed to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables through a novel technique based on utilization of microbially driven enzyme glucose oxidase and casting a fine layer of hydrogen peroxide on the food item that protected the fruit from decay. The produced nanoparticles (ZnO, Ag) were ligated with Glucose Oxidize (GOx) purified from Aspergillus niger. Post ligation studies revealed that ligated enzymes display relatively enhanced activity. Four types of sprays were prepared in order to compare their effectiveness. Glucose oxidase/silver nanoparticles (GOx/AgNPs), glucose oxidase/zinc oxide nanoparticles (GOx/ZnONPs), AgNPs and ZnONPs sprays were applied to guava fruit samples as post-harvest therapeutic agents for a period of 15 days. Fruit quality parameters such as total suspended solids (TSS), pH, weight loss, DPPH free radical capturing performance and firmness confirms that usage of the bioconjugates especially that of GOx/ZnONP was curiously active to maintain the physical appearance of fruit well along with no such deterioration in chemical composition of fruit. Consequently, enzymes ligated on the surface of nanoparticles (ZnONP) are exceptional for extension of post-harvest shelf life of fruits such as guava.

Molecular Characterization of spa, hld, fmhA, and lukD Genes and Computational Modeling the Multidrug Resistance of Staphylococcus Species through Callindra harrisii Silver Nanoparticles

The problem of multidrug resistance in bacterial pathogens is significant and is related to the high morbidity and death rates of living things due to increased levels of beta-lactamases. Plant-derived nanoparticles have gained a great significance in the field of science and technology to combat bacterial diseases, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study examines the multidrug resistance and virulent genes of identified pathogenic Staphylococcus species obtained from Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (MBBL), culture collection. The polymerase chain reaction-based characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus having ON875315.1 and ON876003.1 accession IDs revealed the presence of the spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld genes. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by utilizing the leaf extract of Calliandra harrisii, of which metabolites act as capping and reducing agents for the precursor of nano-synthesis, i.e., AgNO₃ of 0.25 M. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized via UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis which inferred the bead-like shape of our nanoparticles with the size of 2.21 nm with the existence of aromatic and hydroxyl functional groups at surface plasmon resonance of 477 nm. The antimicrobial activity by AgNPs showed 20 mm inhibition of Staphylococcus species as compared to the vancomycin and cefoxitin antibiotics along with crude plant extract, which showed a minimum zone of inhibition. The synthesized AgNPs were also analyzed for various biological activities like anti-inflammatory with 99.15% inhibition in protein denaturation, antioxidant with 99.8% inhibition in free radical scavenging, antidiabetic with 90.56% inhibition of alpha amylase assay, and anti-haemolytic with 89.9% inhibition in cell lysis which shows good bioavailability and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles with the biological system of the living being. The amplified genes (spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld) were also analyzed for their interaction with AgNPs computationally at the molecular level. The 3-D structure of AgNP and amplified genes was retrieved from ChemSpider (ID: 22394) and Phyre2 online server, respectively. The binding affinities of AgNP with spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld were -7.16, -6.5, -6.45, and -3.3 kJ/mol, respectively, which infers a good docking score except of hld which is -3.3 kJ/mol due to its small size. The salient features of biosynthesized AgNPs proved to be an effective approach in combating the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus species in the future.

Untargeted 1H NMR-based metabolomics and multi-technique data fusion: A promising combined approach for geographical and processing authentication of thyme by multivariate statistical analysis

Thyme is a culinary herb highly susceptible to increasing mislabeling occurring in the spice industry. In this study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR) combined with multivariate statistics was successfully applied with two authenticity purposes: (1) tracing thyme metabolic differences among three relevant geographical regions (Morocco, Spain, and Poland), and (2) assessing the influence of sterilization processing on the metabolic fingerprint. Multivariate data analysis provided six and seven key geographical and processing markers, respectively, including thymol, organic acids, chlorogenic acid, and some carbohydrates (e.g., sucrose). Additionally, for the first time, a mid-level data fusion approach was tested for thyme authenticity combining three complementary and synergic analytical platforms: gas and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, providing a comprehensive metabolomics insight into the origin and processing effects on thyme fingerprinting, and opening the path to new metabolomics approaches for quality control in the spice industry.

Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nanomedicine and Nanotherapeutic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Nasal Drugs and Aging

Aging is a multifunctional physiological manifestation. The nasal cavity is considered a major site for easy and cost-effective drug and vaccine administration, due to high permeability, low enzymatic activity, and the presence of a high number of immunocompetent cells. This review article primarily focuses on aging genetics, physical parameters, and the use of nanoparticles as delivery systems of drugs and vaccines via the nasal cavity. Studies have identified various genes involved in centenarian and average-aged people. VEGF is a key mediator involved in angiogenesis. Different therapeutic approaches induce vascular function and angiogenesis. FOLR1 gene codes for folate receptor alpha protein that helps in regulating the transport of vitamin B folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate analogs inside the cell. This gene also aids in slowing the aging process down by cellular regeneration and promotes healthy aging by reducing aging symptoms. It has been found through the literature that GATA 6, Yamanaka factors, and FOLR1 work in synchronization to induce healthy and delayed aging. The role and applications of genes including CBS, CISD, SIRT 1, and SIRT 6 play a significant role in aging.

Myogenesis and Analysis of Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Pathogenic Bacteria

The widespread and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to microbial resistance, which causes major problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, advances in nanotechnology have opened up new domains for the synthesis and use of nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant pathogens. The traditional approaches for nanoparticle synthesis are not only expensive, laborious, and hazardous but also have various limitations. Therefore, new biological approaches are being designed to synthesize economical and environmentally friendly nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity. The current study focuses on the isolation, identification, and screening of metallotolerant fungal strains for the production of silver nanoparticles, using antimicrobial activity analysis and the characterization of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In total, 11 fungal isolates were isolated and screened for the synthesis of AgNPs, while the Penicillium notatum (K1) strain was found to be the most potent, demonstrating biosynthetic ability. The biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial activity against the bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC10536), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC9144), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC10145), Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria innocua (ATCC13932). Furthermore, three major diffraction peaks in the XRD characterization, located at the 2θ values of 28.4, 34.8, 38.2, 44, 64, and 77°, confirmed the presence of AgNPs, while elemental composition analysis via EDX and spherical surface topology with a scanning electron microscope indicated that its pure crystalline nature was entirely composed of silver. Thus, the current study indicates the enhanced antibacterial capability of mycologically synthesized AgNPs, which could be used to counter multidrug-resistant pathogens.