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Antal I, Strbak O, Zavisova V, Vojtova J, Kubovcikova M, Jurikova A, Khmara I, Girman V, Džunda R, Kovaľ K, Koneracka M. Development of Positively Charged Poly-L-Lysine Magnetic Nanoparticles as Potential MRI Contrast Agent. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1831. [PMID: 37368261 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A colloidal solution of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with biocompatible positively charged poly-L-lysine (PLL) with an oleate (OL) layer employed as an initial coating was produced as a potential MRI contrast agent. The effect of various PLL/MNPs' mass ratios on the samples' hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and isoelectric point (IEP) was studied by the dynamic light-scattering method. The optimal mass ratio for MNPs' surface coating was 0.5 (sample PLL0.5-OL-MNPs). The average hydrodynamic particle size in the sample of PLL0.5-OL-MNPs was 124.4 ± 1.4 nm, and in the PLL-unmodified nanoparticles, it was 60.9 ± 0.2 nm, indicating that the OL-MNPs' surface became covered by PLL. Next, the typical characteristics of the superparamagnetic behavior were observed in all samples. In addition, the decrease in saturation magnetizations from 66.9 Am2/kg for MNPs to 35.9 and 31.6 Am2/kg for sample OL-MNPs and PLL0.5-OL-MNPs also confirmed successful PLL adsorption. Moreover, we show that both OL-MNPs and PLL0.5-OL-MNPs exhibit excellent MRI relaxivity properties and a very high r2(*)/r1 ratio, which is very desirable in biomedical applications with required MRI contrast enhancement. The PLL coating itself appears to be the crucial factor in enhancing the relaxivity of MNPs in MRI relaxometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Antal
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Oliver Strbak
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Vlasta Zavisova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Vojtova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martina Kubovcikova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Alena Jurikova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Iryna Khmara
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Girman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Park Angelinum 9, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Džunda
- Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Karol Kovaľ
- Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Martina Koneracka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
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Shim JH, Gwak S, Ahn BK, Han H, Hong Y, Shin OS. Investigation of d-Amino Acid-Based Surfactants and Nanocomposites with Gold and Silica Nanoparticles as against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Agents. ACS Omega 2022; 7:46146-46155. [PMID: 36570237 PMCID: PMC9773340 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
d-amino acid-based surfactants (d-AASs) were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. N-α-lauroyl-d-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (d-LAE), d-proline dodecyl ester (d-PD), and d-alanine dodecyl ester (d-AD) were found to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, but less efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. For these reasons, combining antimicrobial agents with nanoparticles is a promising technique for improving their antibacterial properties to eliminate drug-resistant pathogens. d-LAE coated on gold (AuNP) and silica (SiNP) nanoparticles has more efficient antibacterial activity than that of d-LAE alone. However, unlike d-LAE, d-PD has enhanced antibacterial activity upon being coated on AuNP. The antibacterial d-AASs and their nanocomposites with nanoparticles were synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner and are expected to be valuable new antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Shim
- Department
of Anatomy, Korea University College of
Medicine, Seoul 02842, Korea
| | - Sungduk Gwak
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Byung Kook Ahn
- Department
of Anatomy, Korea University College of
Medicine, Seoul 02842, Korea
| | - Hogyu Han
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine
Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- BK21
Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
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Comanescu C. Magnetic Nanoparticles: Current Advances in Nanomedicine, Drug Delivery and MRI. Chemistry 2022; 4:872-930. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have evolved tremendously during recent years, in part due to the rapid expansion of nanotechnology and to their active magnetic core with a high surface-to-volume ratio, while their surface functionalization opened the door to a plethora of drug, gene and bioactive molecule immobilization. Taming the high reactivity of the magnetic core was achieved by various functionalization techniques, producing MNPs tailored for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular or neurological disease, tumors and cancer. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are established at the core of drug-delivery systems and could act as efficient agents for MFH (magnetic fluid hyperthermia). Depending on the functionalization molecule and intrinsic morphological features, MNPs now cover a broad scope which the current review aims to overview. Considering the exponential expansion of the field, the current review will be limited to roughly the past three years.
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Hill LK, Britton D, Jihad T, Punia K, Xie X, Delgado-Fukushima E, Liu CF, Mishkit O, Liu C, Hu C, Meleties M, Renfrew PD, Bonneau R, Wadghiri YZ, Montclare JK. Engineered Protein-Iron Oxide Hybrid Biomaterial for MRI-traceable Drug Encapsulation. Mol Syst Des Eng 2022; 7:915-932. [PMID: 37274761 PMCID: PMC10237276 DOI: 10.1039/d2me00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Labeled protein-based biomaterials have become a popular for various biomedical applications such as tissue-engineered, therapeutic, or diagnostic scaffolds. Labeling of protein biomaterials, including with ultrasmall super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles, has enabled a wide variety of imaging techniques. These USPIO-based biomaterials are widely studied in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thermotherapy, and magnetically-driven drug delivery which provide a method for direct and non-invasive monitoring of implants or drug delivery agents. Where most developments have been made using polymers or collagen hydrogels, shown here is the use of a rationally designed protein as the building block for a meso-scale fiber. While USPIOs have been chemically conjugated to antibodies, glycoproteins, and tissue-engineered scaffolds for targeting or improved biocompatibility and stability, these constructs have predominantly served as diagnostic agents and often involve harsh conditions for USPIO synthesis. Here, we present an engineered protein-iron oxide hybrid material comprised of an azide-functionalized coiled-coil protein with small molecule binding capacity conjugated via bioorthogonal azide-alkyne cycloaddition to an alkyne-bearing iron oxide templating peptide, CMms6, for USPIO biomineralization under mild conditions. The coiled-coil protein, dubbed Q, has been previously shown to form nanofibers and, upon small molecule binding, further assembles into mesofibers via encapsulation and aggregation. The resulting hybrid material is capable of doxorubicin encapsulation as well as sensitive T2*-weighted MRI darkening for strong imaging capability that is uniquely derived from a coiled-coil protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Dustin Britton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Teeba Jihad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Kamia Punia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Xuan Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Erika Delgado-Fukushima
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Che Fu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Orin Mishkit
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Chengliang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10012, USA
| | - Michael Meleties
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - P. Douglas Renfrew
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, 10010, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, 10010, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, 10003, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, New York, 10009, USA
| | - Youssef Z. Wadghiri
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10012, USA
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, 10010, USA
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Omelyanchik A, Kamzin A, Valiullin A, Semenov V, Vereshchagin S, Volochaev M, Dubrovskiy A, Sviridova T, Kozenkov I, Dolan E, Peddis D, Sokolov A, Rodionova V. Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by a glycine-modified coprecipitation method: Structure and magnetic properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022; 647:129090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Majerník M, Jendželovský R, Vargová J, Jendželovská Z, Fedoročko P. Multifunctional Nanoplatforms as a Novel Effective Approach in Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy, to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1075. [PMID: 35631660 PMCID: PMC9143284 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is more than sixty years since the era of modern photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer began. Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of PDT in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, over the last thirty years, numerous papers have shown that many photosensitizers are the substrates of efflux transporters, significantly restricting the effectiveness of PDT. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the utilization of nanoparticles could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Additionally, multifunctional nanoplatforms could induce the synergistic effect of combined treatment regimens, such as PDT with chemotherapy. Moreover, the surface modifications that are associated with nanoparticle functionalization significantly improve the target potential of PDT or chemo-PDT in multidrug resistant and cancer stem cells.
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Cortés-Llanos B, Ocampo SM, de la Cueva L, Calvo GF, Belmonte-Beitia J, Pérez L, Salas G, Ayuso-Sacido Á. Influence of Coating and Size of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Cellular Uptake for In Vitro MRI. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2888. [PMID: 34835651 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are suitable materials for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their potential clinical applications range from diagnosis to therapy and follow-up treatments. However, a deeper understanding of the interaction between IONPs, culture media and cells is necessary for expanding the application of this technology to different types of cancer therapies. To achieve new insights of these interactions, a set of IONPs were prepared with the same inorganic core and five distinct coatings, to study their aggregation and interactions in different physiological media, as well as their cell labelling efficiency. Then, a second set of IONPs, with six different core sizes and the same coating, were used to study how the core size affects cell labelling and MRI in vitro. Here, IONPs suspended in biological media experience a partial removal of the coating and adhesion of molecules. The FBS concentration alters the labelling of all types of IONPs and hydrodynamic sizes ≥ 300 nm provide the greatest labelling using the centrifugation-mediated internalization (CMI). The best contrast for MRI results requires a core size range between 12–14 nm coated with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) producing R2* values of 393.7 s−1 and 428.3 s−1, respectively. These findings will help to bring IONPs as negative contrast agents into clinical settings.
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Strbak O, Balejcikova L, Kmetova M, Gombos J, Kovac J, Dobrota D, Kopcansky P. Longitudinal and Transverse Relaxivity Analysis of Native Ferritin and Magnetoferritin at 7 T MRI. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8487. [PMID: 34445190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetite mineralization in human tissue is associated with various pathological processes, especially neurodegenerative disorders. Ferritin’s mineral core is believed to be a precursor of magnetite mineralization. Magnetoferritin (MF) was prepared with different iron loading factors (LFs) as a model system for pathological ferritin to analyze its MRI relaxivity properties compared to those of native ferritin (NF). The results revealed that MF differs statistically significantly from NF, with the same LF, for all studied relaxation parameters at 7 T: r1, r2, r2*, r2/r1, r2*/r1. Distinguishability of MF from NF may be useful in non-invasive MRI diagnosis of pathological processes associated with iron accumulation and magnetite mineralization (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and diseases of the heart, lung and liver). In addition, it was found that MF samples possess very strong correlation and MF’s relaxivity is linearly dependent on the LF, and the transverse and longitudinal ratios r2/r1 and r2*/r1 possess complementary information. This is useful in eliminating false-positive hypointensive artefacts and diagnosis of the different stages of pathology. These findings could contribute to the exploitation of MRI techniques in the non-invasive diagnosis of iron-related pathological processes in human tissue.
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Al-Musawi S, Albukhaty S, Al-Karagoly H, Almalki F. Design and Synthesis of Multi-Functional Superparamagnetic Core-Gold Shell Coated with Chitosan and Folate Nanoparticles for Targeted Antitumor Therapy. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 11:nano11010032. [PMID: 33374415 PMCID: PMC7824182 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dual-targeting nanomedicine composed of pH-sensitive superparamagnetic iron oxide core-gold shell SPION@Au, chitosan (CS), and folate (FA) was developed as a doxorubicin (DOX) antitumor medication. Microemulsion was used for preparation and cross-linking conjugation. The characteristics of the designed nanocomposite were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared SPION@Au-CS-DOX-FA nanoparticles (NPs) were spherical with an average diameter of 102.6 ± 7 nm and displayed an elevated drug loading behavior and sustained drug release capacity. The SPION@Au-CS-DOX-FA NPs revealed long term anti-cancer efficacy due to their cytotoxic effect and apoptotic inducing efficiency in SkBr3 cell lines. Additionally, Real-time PCR outcomes significantly showed an increase in BAK and BAX expression and a decrease in BCL-XL and BCL-2. In vivo results revealed that SPION@Au significantly decreased the tumor size in treated mice through magnetization. In conclusion, prepared SPION@Au-CS-DOX-FA could be a beneficial drug formulation for clinical breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharafaldin Al-Musawi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq
- Correspondence:
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq;
| | - Hassan Al-Karagoly
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Medicine College, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq;
| | - Faizah Almalki
- Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
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Qiao L, Qin Y, Wang Y, Liang Y, Zhu D, Xiong W, Li L, Bao D, Zhang L, Jin X. A brain glioma gene delivery strategy by angiopep-2 and TAT-modified magnetic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41471-41481. [PMID: 35516547 PMCID: PMC9057840 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07161g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), most treatments cannot achieve significant effects on gliomas. In this study, synergistic multitarget Ang-TAT-Fe3O4-pDNA-(ss)373 lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNPs) were designed to penetrate the BBB and deliver therapeutic genes to glioma cells. The basic material of the nanoparticles was PCL3750-ss-PEG7500-ss-PCL3750, and is called (ss)373 herein. (ss)373 NPs, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), DOTAP, and DSPE-PEG-MAL formed the basic structure of LPNPs by self-assembly. The Fe3O4 MNPs were wrapped in (ss)373 NPs to implement magnetic targeting. Then, the Angiopep-2 peptide (Ang) and transactivator of transcription (TAT) were coupled with DSPE-PEG-MAL. Both can enhance BBB penetration and tumor targeting. Finally, the pDNA was compressed on DOTAP to form the complete gene delivery system. The results indicated that the Ang-TAT-Fe3O4-pDNA-(ss)373 LPNPs were 302.33 nm in size. In addition, their zeta potential was 4.66 mV, and they had good biocompatibility. The optimal nanoparticles/pDNA ratio was 5 : 1, as shown by gel retardation assay. In this characterization, compared with other LPNPs, the modified single Ang or without the addition of the Fe3O4 MNPs, the penetration efficiency of the BBB model formed by hCMEC/D3 cells, and the transfection efficiency of C6 cells using pEGFP-C1 as the reporter gene were significantly improved with Ang-TAT-Fe3O4-pDNA-(ss)373 LPNPs in the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
| | - Yu Qin
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
| | - Dunwan Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
| | - Di Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
| | - Linhua Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Xu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China
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