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Spiliopoulos P, Navarro SL, Orzan E, Ghanbari R, Pietschnig R, Stilianu C, Spirk S, Schaefer A, Kádár R, Nypelö T. Cellulose modified to host functionalities via facile cation exchange approach. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121857. [PMID: 38431387 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Properties of cellulose are typically functionalized by organic chemistry means. We progress an alternative facile way to functionalize cellulose by functional group counter-cation exchange. While ion-exchange is established for cellulose, it is far from exploited and understood beyond the most common cation, sodium. We build on our work that established the cation exchange for go-to alkali metal cations. We expand and further demonstrate the introduction of functional cations, namely, lanthanides. We show that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) carrying sulfate-half ester groups can acquire properties through the counter-cation exchange. Trivalent lanthanide cations europium (Eu3+), dysprosium (Dy3+) and gadolinium (Gd3+) were employed. The respective ions showed distinct differences in their ability of being coordinated by the sulfate groups; with Eu3+ fully saturating the sulfate groups while for Gd3+ and Dy3+, values of 82 and 41 % were determined by compositional analysis. CNCs functionalized with Eu3+ displayed red emission, those containing Dy3+ exhibited no optical functionality, while those with Gd3+ revealed significantly altered magnetic relaxation times. Using cation exchange to alter cellulose properties in various ways is a tremendous opportunity for modification of the abundant cellulose raw materials for a renewable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Spiliopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saül Llàcer Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eliott Orzan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Ghanbari
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaT, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Stilianu
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roland Kádár
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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