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Li W, He P, Lei D, Fan Y, Du Y, Gao B, Chu Z, Li L, Liu K, An C, Yuan W, Yu Y. Super-resolution multicolor fluorescence microscopy enabled by an apochromatic super-oscillatory lens with extended depth-of-focus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5107. [PMID: 37607942 PMCID: PMC10444772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar super-oscillatory lens (SOL), a far-field subwavelength-focusing diffractive device, holds great potential for achieving sub-diffraction-limit imaging at multiple wavelengths. However, conventional SOL devices suffer from a numerical-aperture-related intrinsic tradeoff among the depth of focus (DoF), chromatic dispersion and focusing spot size. Here, we apply a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) optimization approach to design an apochromatic binary-phase SOL having a prolonged DoF, customized working distance (WD), minimized main-lobe size, and suppressed side-lobe intensity. Experimental implementation demonstrates simultaneous focusing of blue, green and red light beams into an optical needle of ~0.5λ in diameter and DOF > 10λ at WD = 428 μm. By integrating this SOL device with a commercial fluorescence microscope, we perform, for the first time, three-dimensional super-resolution multicolor fluorescence imaging of the "unseen" fine structures of neurons. The present study provides not only a practical route to far-field multicolor super-resolution imaging but also a viable approach for constructing imaging systems avoiding complex sample positioning and unfavorable photobleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Pei He
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Yulong Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yangtao Du
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Chengxu An
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yiting Yu
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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He P, An C, Ji H, Li W, Yuan W, Yu Y. Sidelobe-suppressed sub-diffraction-limit quasi-non-diffracting light sheets achieved by super-oscillatory lenses. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1590-1593. [PMID: 37221717 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sub-diffraction-limit quasi-non-diffracting light sheets (SQLSs) are crucial for a resolution-enhanced and field of view (FOV)-enlarged light sheet microscope. However, it has aways been plagued by sidelobes inducing severe background noise. Here, a self-trade-off optimized method is proposed to generate sidelobe-suppressed SQLSs based on super-oscillatory lenses (SOLs). An SQLS thus obtained shows sidelobes of only 15.4%, first realizing the sub-diffraction-limit thickness, quasi-non-diffracting characteristic, and suppressed sidelobes simultaneously for static light sheets. Moreover, a window-like energy allocation is realized by the self-trade-off optimized method, successfully further suppressing the sidelobes. In particular, an SQLS with theoretical sidelobes of 7.6% is achieved within the window, which provides a new strategy to deal with sidelobes for light sheets and shows great potential in high signal-to-noise ratio light sheet microscopy (LSM).
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Li Y, Fan X, Huang Y, Guo X, Zhou L, Li P, Zhao J. Dielectric Metalens for Superoscillatory Focusing Based on High-Order Angular Bessel Function. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3485. [PMID: 36234611 PMCID: PMC9565310 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of optical superoscillation provides an unprecedented way to solve the problem of optical far-field label-free super-resolution imaging. Numerous optical devices that enable superoscillatory focusing were developed based on scalar and vector diffraction theories in the past several years. However, these reported devices are designed according to the half-wave zone method in spatial coordinates. In this paper, we propose a dielectric metalens for superoscillatory focusing based on the diffraction of angular Bessel functional phase modulated vector field, under the inspiration of the tightly autofocusing property of a radially polarized high-order Bessel beam. Based on this kind of metalens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.9, the linearly polarized light is converted into a radially polarized one and then focus into a superoscillating focal spot with the size of 0.32λ/NA. This angular spectrum modulation theory involved in this paper provides a different way of designing superoscillatory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
- Xi’an Ming De Institute of Technology, Xi’an 710124, China
| | - Xinhao Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Xuyue Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
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Ge S, Liu W, Sun X, Zhang J, Yang P, Xi Y, Zhou S, Zhu Y, Pu X. Efficient Achromatic Broadband Focusing and Polarization Manipulation of a Novel Designed Multifunctional Metasurface Zone Plate. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123436. [PMID: 34947785 PMCID: PMC8708421 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, comprehensively utilizing the diffraction theory and electromagnetic resonance effect is creatively employed to design a multifunctional metasurface zone plate (MMZP) and achieve the control of polarization states, while maintaining a broadband achromatic converging property in a near-IR region. The MMZP consists of several rings with fixed width and varying heights; each ring has a number of nanofins (usually called meta-atoms). The numerical simulation method is used to analyze the intensity distribution and polarization state of the emergent light, and the results show that the designed MMZP can realize the polarization manipulation while keeping the broadband in focus. For a specific design wavelength (0.7 μm), the incident light can be converted from left circularly polarized light to right circularly polarized light after passing through the MMZP, and the focusing efficiency reaches above 35%, which is more than twice as much as reported in the literature. Moreover, the achromatic broadband focusing property of the MMZP is independent with the polarization state of the incident light. This approach broadens degrees of freedom in micro-nano optical design, and is expected to find applications in multifunctional focusing devices and polarization imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (P.Y.); Tel.: +86-029-83208114 (W.L.)
| | | | | | - Pengfei Yang
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (P.Y.); Tel.: +86-029-83208114 (W.L.)
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Ge S, Liu W, Zhang J, Huang Y, Xi Y, Yang P, Sun X, Li S, Lin D, Zhou S, Zhu Y, Li W, Yu Y. Novel Bilayer Micropyramid Structure Photonic Nanojet for Enhancing a Focused Optical Field. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2034. [PMID: 34443865 PMCID: PMC8398769 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, synthetically using refraction, diffraction, and interference effects to achieve free manipulation of the focused optical field, we firstly present a photonic nanojet (PNJ) generated by a micropyramid, which is combined with multilayer thin films. The theory of total internal reflection (TIR) was creatively used to design the base angle of the micropyramid, and the size parameters and material properties of the microstructure were deduced via the expected optical field distribution. The as-designed bilayer micropyramid array was fabricated by using the single-point diamond turning (SPDT) technique, nanoimprint lithography (NIL), and proportional inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching. After the investigation, the results of optical field measurement were highly consistent with those of the numerical simulation, and they were both within the theoretical calculation range. The bilayer micropyramid array PNJ enhanced the interference effect of incident and scattered fields; thus, the intensity of the focused light field reached 33.8-times that of the initial light, and the range of the focused light field was extended to 10.08λ. Moreover, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the focal spot achieved was 0.6λ, which was close to the diffraction limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ge
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuetian Huang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingxue Xi
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xueping Sun
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shijie Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Dabin Lin
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shun Zhou
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yechuan Zhu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (S.G.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.); (P.Y.); (X.S.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenli Li
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China; (W.L.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yiting Yu
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China; (W.L.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Li W, He P, Yuan W, Yu Y. Efficiency-enhanced and sidelobe-suppressed super-oscillatory lenses for sub-diffraction-limit fluorescence imaging with ultralong working distance. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7063-7071. [PMID: 32187246 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Super-oscillatory lens (SOL) optical microscopy, behaving as a non-invasive and universal imaging technique, as well as being a simple post-processing procedure, may provide a potential application for sub-diffraction-limit fluorescence imaging. However, the low energy concentration, high-intensity sidelobes and micrometer-scale working distance of the reported planar SOLs impose unavoidable restrictions on the ground-state applications. Here, we demonstrate step-shaped SOLs based on the multiple-phase-modulated (MPM) method to improve the focusing efficiency. Two pivotal advantages are thus generated: (i) the fabrication complexity can be effectively reduced based on several conventional optical lithography steps; (ii) the focusing efficiency is much higher than that of the random MPM ones due to the efficient manipulation of the wavefronts, bringing about a stronger light concentration to the focal spot. Additionally, the ratio of the sidelobe intensity is flexibly tuned to meet the customized requirements, and a 2 mm-working-distance MPM SOL with the sidelobe intensity highly suppressed is finally exploited. For the first time, as far as we know, a SOL-based fluorescence microscopy without the pinhole filter to map the horizontal morphology of the dispersive fluorescent particles is established. Compared with the results achieved by the conventional wide-field microscopy, the sample details beating the diffraction limit can be reconstructed by simple imaging fusion. This research demonstrates the promising applications of SOLs for low-cost, simplified and highly customized sub-diffraction-limit fluorescence imaging systems free from photobleaching and an extremely short working distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Room 2501, No.45, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Nagarajan A, Stoevelaar LP, Silvestri F, Siemons M, Achanta VG, Bäumer SMB, Gerini G. Reflection confocal nanoscopy using a super-oscillatory lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20012-20027. [PMID: 31503753 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A superoscillatory lens (SOL) is known to produce a sub-diffraction hotspot that is useful for high-resolution imaging. SOLs have not yet been directly used in a confocal reflection setup, as the SOL suffers from poor imaging properties. Additionally, the illuminating intensity distribution of the SOL still has high-intensity rings called sidelobes coexisting with the central hotspot. By means of a reflection setup, which does not have the SOL in the detection chain, thereby mitigating the poor imaging properties, we assessed the resolution capabilities of a SOL. This was done for different objects, whose dimensions were both above and below the SOL field-of-view (FOV). We found that the sidelobe illumination degrades the imaging properties in the case of extended objects, limiting the applicability of a SOL system.
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Li W, Yu Y, Yuan W. Flexible focusing pattern realization of centimeter-scale planar super-oscillatory lenses in parallel fabrication. NANOSCALE 2018; 11:311-320. [PMID: 30534750 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07985d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Planar super-oscillatory lenses (SOLs) can exert far-field foci beyond the diffraction limit free from the contribution of evanescent waves. However, the reported design methods of SOLs are always complicated and divergent, leading to a poor control over the desired focusing patterns. Furthermore, the existing device sizes of SOLs are mainly within hundreds of micrometers accompanied by a subwavelength-scale feature size. Here, we propose a general optimization design model for realizing flexible focusing patterns, e.g. multifocal and achromatic contours. Additionally, a novel design called the chromatic-customized SOL fighting against the dispersion rule of traditional diffractive optical elements (DOEs) is also demonstrated based on the proposed flexible algorithm. The diameters for all the SOLs reach 12 mm with 30 μm minimum feature size, which can be easily fabricated by employing the conventional optical lithography technique. Such centimeter-scale, light weight and low-cost lenses reveal new capacities of arbitrarily customized optical patterns in various interdisciplinary fields including parallel particle trapping, full-color high-resolution imaging, and compact spectral imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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