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Sharma H, Kumar A, Rana S, Guadagno L. An Overview on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Effect of Graphene Oxide Incorporation on Composites Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1548. [PMID: 35458296 PMCID: PMC9032017 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are used in a variety of applications such as aircraft, automobiles, body armors, and the sports sector owing to their ultra-strong and lightweight characteristics. However, the incorporation of an untreated pristine carbon fiber surface leads to a weak interfacial interaction with the polymeric matrix, thus triggering catastrophic failure of the composite material. Graphene oxide, a 2D-macromolecule consisting of several polar functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl on the basal planes and edges, tends to increase the surface area and has thus been applied between the fiber and matrix, helping to improve CFRP properties. Herein, we condense different routes of functionalization of GO nanosheets and their incorporation onto a fiber surface or in a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix, helping to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix, and thus allowing effective stress transfer and energy absorption. The improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix is due to the peculiar structure of GO nanoparticles composed of polar groups, especially on the edges of the nanosheets, able to provide strong interaction with the hosting cured epoxy matrix, and the "core" part similar to the structure of CFs, and hence able to establish strong π-π interactions with the reinforcing CFs. The article also covers the effect of functionalized graphene oxide incorporation on the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and viscoelastic properties of composite materials reinforced with carbon fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Ajay Kumar
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Cheng S, Li N, Pan Y, Wang B, Hao H, Hu F, Liu C, Chen Y, Jian X. Establishment of Silane/GO Multistage Hybrid Interface Layer to Improve Interfacial and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Poly (phthalazinone ether ketone) Thermoplastic Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:ma15010206. [PMID: 35009354 PMCID: PMC8745983 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the faint interface bonding between carbon fiber (CF) and poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) thermoplastic, a multistage hybrid interface layer was constructed via the condensation reaction of N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (KHN+) and the electrostatic adsorption of graphene oxide (GO). The influence of the contents of GO (0.2 wt%, 0.4 wt%, 0.6 wt%) on the interfacial properties of composites was explored. FTIR, Raman spectra, XPS tests indicated the successful preparation of CF-KHN+-GO reinforcements. The multistage hybrid interface layer significantly increased fiber surface roughness without surface microstructure destruction. Simultaneously, polarity and wettability are remarkably improved as evidenced by the dynamic contact angle experiment. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and flexural strength of the CF/PPEK composites with 0.4 wt% GO (CF-KHN+-4GO) were 74.57 and 1508 MPa, which was 25.2% and 23.5% higher than that of untreated CF/PPEK composite, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis proved that CF/GO/PPEK composites have excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. This study furnishes an unsophisticated and valid strategy to build an interface transition layer with a strong binding force, which would offer a new train of thought in preparing high-performing structural composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Yuxi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haoyue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yousi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.C.); (Y.P.); (B.W.); (H.H.); (F.H.); (C.L.); (Y.C.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Liaoning Province Engineering Centre of High-Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (X.J.)
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Ji Z, Lin Q, Huang Z, Chen S, Gong P, Sun Z, Shen B. Strain-Induced Nonlinear Frictional Behavior of Graphene Nanowall Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51608-51617. [PMID: 34677931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanowall (GNW) films, a representation of three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanomaterial films, are emerging as promising candidates for applications in electric devices and composites, on account of their 3D structures and exceptional properties of graphene sheets. However, the frictional responses of GNW films, which exhibit significant influence on their performances, have seldom been reported. Herein, we reported a growth process of a GNW film by the chemical vapor deposition method and studied the frictional behavior of the GNW film for the first time. The results demonstrated the nonlinearity between the frictional force of the GNW film and normal load. Based on the structural evolution of the GNW film with normal load and frictional tests on precompressed GNW films, the influence of the strain property of the GNW film, namely, the strengthening effect, could be confirmed. The results of molecular dynamics simulations show that the bending force of GNWs in front of the tip plays a determinate role in the frictional force of the GNW film. Furthermore, the bending force is proportional to the bending contact area, which increases nonlinearly with the normal load due to the strengthening effect of the GNW film. The result suggests that the nonlinear increase of the bending contact area induced by the strengthening effect of the GNW film is the key factor that leads to its nonlinear frictional force. This study provides a novel insight into the frictional responses of GNW films, which would be beneficial for the design and application of electric devices and composites made of GNW and other 3D carbon nanomaterial films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhewei Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sulin Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengzong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Microelectronics and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Effect of the Chain Structure of Self-Emulsifying Polyester Sizing Agent on ILSS of Carbon Fiber/Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091528. [PMID: 31546889 PMCID: PMC6780951 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report self-emulsifying anionic unsaturated polyester emulsions with different chain segments as novel sizing agents. The epoxy modified unsaturated polyester emulsions were synthesized via a self-emulsifying technique with no organic solvents. Emulsions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, centrifuge, and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM). The results showed that the emulsions obtained were mono-dispersed nanospheres that had adequate colloidal stability. The maximum Zeta potential of the sizing agent is −52.88 mV. In addition, these emulsions were investigated as the sizing agents in order to improve interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers (CFs) and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Compared with the CFs sized with the commercial epoxy sizing agent, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of CF/UPR composites from the CFs sized by these emulsion sizing agents with three different chain structures were enhanced by 25%, 29%, and 42%, respectively. The emulsion sizing agent composed of a flexible segment synthesized from adipic acid, neopentyl glycol, and maleic anhydride is most effective and can achieve the highest enhancement of the ILSS of CF/UPR composites.
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Interfacial Characteristics of Boron Nitride Nanosheet/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9142832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interface between nanofillers and matrix plays a key role in determining the properties of nanocomposites, but the interfacial characteristics of nanocomposites such as molecular structure and interaction strength are not fully understood yet. In this work, the interfacial features of a typical nanocomposite, namely epoxy resin (EP) filled with boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) are investigated by utilizing molecular dynamics simulation, and the effect of surface functionalization is analyzed. The radial distribution density (RDD) and interfacial binding energy (IBE) are used to explore the structure and bonding strength of nanocomposites interface. Besides, the interface compatibility and molecular chain mobility (MCM) of BNNS/EP nanocomposites are analyzed by cohesive energy density (CED), free volume fraction (FFV), and radial mean square displacement (RMSD). The results indicate that the interface region of BNNS/EP is composed of three regions including compact region, buffer region, and normal region. The structure at the interfacial region of nanocomposite is more compact, and the chain mobility is significantly lower than that of the EP away from the interface. Moreover, the interfacial interaction strength and compatibility increase with the functional density of BNNS functionalized by CH3–(CH2)4–O– radicals. These results adequately illustrate interfacial characteristics of nanocomposites from atomic level.
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