1
|
Dziadkowiec J, Cheng HW, Ludwig M, Ban M, Tausendpfund TP, von Klitzing R, Mezger M, Valtiner M. Cohesion Gain Induced by Nanosilica Consolidants for Monumental Stone Restoration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6949-6958. [PMID: 35605251 PMCID: PMC9178914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nanoparticle suspensions with consolidating properties have been successfully applied in the restoration of weathered architectural surfaces. However, the design of these consolidants is usually stone-specific and based on trial and error, which prevents their robust operation for a wide range of highly heterogeneous monumental stone materials. In this work, we develop a facile and versatile method to systematically study the consolidating mechanisms in action using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) with real-time force sensing and an X-ray surface forces apparatus (X-SFA). We directly assess the mechanical tensile strength of nanosilica-treated single mineral contacts and show a sharp increase in their cohesion. The smallest used nanoparticles provide an order of magnitude stronger contacts. We further resolve the microstructures and forces acting during evaporation-driven, capillary-force-induced nanoparticle aggregation processes, highlighting the importance of the interactions between the nanoparticles and the confining mineral walls. Our novel SFA-based approach offers insight into nano- and microscale mechanisms of consolidating silica treatments, and it can aid the design of nanomaterials used in stone consolidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dziadkowiec
- NJORD
Centre, Department of Physics, University
of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Hsiu-Wei Cheng
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Soft
Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matea Ban
- Materials
Testing Institute, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft
Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Dynamics
of Condensed Systems, Department of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pesce C, Moretto LM, Orsega EF, Pesce GL, Corradi M, Weber J. Effectiveness and Compatibility of a Novel Sustainable Method for Stone Consolidation Based on Di-Ammonium Phosphate and Calcium-Based Nanomaterials. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12183025. [PMID: 31540392 PMCID: PMC6766278 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
External surfaces of stones used in historic buildings often carry high artistic value and need to be preserved from the damages of time, especially from the detrimental effects of the weathering. This study aimed to test the effectiveness and compatibility of some new environmentally-friendly materials for stone consolidation, as the use thereof has been so far poorly investigated. The treatments were based on combinations of an aqueous solution of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and two calcium-based nanomaterials, namely a commercial nanosuspension of Ca(OH)2 and a novel nanosuspension of calcite. The treatments were applied to samples of two porous stones: a limestone and a sandstone. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultrasound pulse velocity test, colour measurements, and capillary water absorption test. The results suggest that the combined use of DAP and Ca-based nanosuspensions can be advantageous over other commonly used consolidants in terms of retreatability and physical-chemical compatibility with the stone. Some limitations are also highlighted, such as the uneven distribution and low penetration of the consolidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pesce
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre Venice, Italy.
| | - Ligia M Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre Venice, Italy.
| | - Emilio F Orsega
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre Venice, Italy.
| | - Giovanni L Pesce
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Marco Corradi
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Johannes Weber
- Institute of Art and Technology, Conservation Sciences, University of Applied Arts Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|