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Zhou Y, Wei C, Gao X, Sun Y, Han X. Positive associations between different circulating trans fatty acids (TFAs) and urinary albumin excretion among adults in the U.S.: a population-based study. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:152. [PMID: 37710270 PMCID: PMC10500873 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that the consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFAs) can increase the incidence of total mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. However, there are still no demographic studies on the effects of circulating TFA isoforms on the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), an early marker of chronic kidney disease. Our goal was to explore the possible relationships between TFAs and ACR. METHODS In this study, complete TFAs and urinary ACR data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2009-2010 and 1999-2000 cycles). The independent linear relationships between different circulating TFA isoforms and the ACR were examined by performing multivariable linear regression models. Machine learning was used to analyze the contribution of the different TFA isoforms to the ACR. To assess the nonlinearity of the relationship, smooth curve fitting and an analysis of threshold effect were performed, and a stratified analysis was conducted to identify possible susceptible populations. RESULTS Our analysis included a total of 3785 individuals. Elaidic acid, linolelaidic acid, and sum TFAs were shown to be positively associated with the ACR after full adjustment by weighted multivariable regression analysis. In the subgroup analysis, the positive associations were maintained in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. In the XGBoost model of the ACR, Sum TFAs were found to be the most crucial factor. In addition, smooth curve fitting showed that there was a nonlinear relationship between the different TFAs and the ACR, and there was a saturation point. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that TFA isoforms were positively and independently correlated with urinary albumin excretion, especially in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. This suggested that reducing trans fatty acid intake may reduce the risk of renal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chengcheng Wei
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xincheng Gao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Han
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.
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Zhao JQ, Wang XB, Leng X, Wei YF, Huang DH, Lv JL, Du Q, Guo RH, Pan BC, Wu QJ, Zhao YH. Dietary fat and fatty acid consumptions and the odds of asthenozoospermia: a case-control study in China. Hum Reprod Open 2023; 2023:hoad030. [PMID: 37547665 PMCID: PMC10403433 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are dietary fat and fatty acid (FA) intakes related to the odds of asthenozoospermia? SUMMARY ANSWER Plant-based fat consumption was associated with decreased asthenozoospermia odds, while the consumption of animal-based monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was positively related to asthenozoospermia odds. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Dietary fat and FA are significant ingredients of a daily diet, which have been demonstrated to be correlated to the reproductive health of men. However, to date, evidence on fat and FA associations with the odds of asthenozoospermia is unclear. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION The hospital-based case-control study was performed in an infertility clinic from June 2020 to December 2020. Briefly, 549 asthenozoospermia cases and 581 controls with normozoospermia were available for final analyses. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS We collected dietary data through a verified food frequency questionnaire of 110 food items. Asthenozoospermia cases were ascertained according to the World Health Organization guidelines. To investigate the correlations of dietary fat and FA consumptions with the odds of asthenozoospermia, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs through unconditional logistic regression models. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Relative to the lowest tertile of consumption, the highest tertile of plant-based fat intake was inversely correlated to the odds of asthenozoospermia (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50-0.91), with a significant dose-response relation (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75-0.97, per standard deviation increment). Inversely, animal-based MUFA intake (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.04-2.14) was significantly correlated to increased odds of asthenozoospermia, and an evident dose-response relation was also detected (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.05-1.45, per standard deviation increment). Subgroup analyses showed similar patterns of associations to those of the primary results. Moreover, we observed significant interactions on both multiplicative and additive scales between animal-based MUFA and cigarette smoking. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Selection bias and recall bias were unavoidable in any of the observational studies. As we failed to obtain the information of trans-fatty acid (TFA) consumption, the relation of TFA intake and asthenozoospermia odds was unclear. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study indicated that different sources of fat and FAs might exert different effects on the etiology of asthenozoospermia, and cigarette smoking could exacerbate the adverse effect of high animal-based MUFA intake on asthenozoospermia. Our findings provide novel evidence pertaining to the fields of prevention of asthenozoospermia through decreasing animal-derived fat and FA consumptions and smoking cessation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the JieBangGuaShuai Project of Liaoning Province, Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, Clinical Research Cultivation Project of Shengjing Hospital, and Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital. All authors have no conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xu Leng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wei
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Hui Huang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Le Lv
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Du
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ren-Hao Guo
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo-Chen Pan
- Correspondence address. Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615; E-mail: (B.-C.P.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615-13652; E-mail: (Q.-J.W.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615-13652; E-mail: (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Qi-Jun Wu
- Correspondence address. Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615; E-mail: (B.-C.P.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615-13652; E-mail: (Q.-J.W.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615-13652; E-mail: (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Yu-Hong Zhao
- Correspondence address. Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615; E-mail: (B.-C.P.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615-13652; E-mail: (Q.-J.W.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China. Tel: +86-24-96615-13652; E-mail: (Y.-H.Z.)
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5
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Micó V, San-Cristobal R, Martín R, Martínez-González MÁ, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Fitó M, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Vioque J, Romaguera D, López-Miranda J, Estruch R, Tinahones FJ, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem JL, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Tur JA, Martín Sánchez V, Pintó X, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Matía-Martín P, Vidal J, Vázquez C, García-Arellano A, Pertusa-Martinez S, Chaplin A, Garcia-Rios A, Muñoz Bravo C, Schröder H, Babio N, Sorli JV, Gonzalez JI, Martinez-Urbistondo D, Toledo E, Bullón V, Ruiz-Canela M, Portillo MP, Macías-González M, Perez-Diaz-del-Campo N, García-Gavilán J, Daimiel L, Martínez JA. Morbid liver manifestations are intrinsically bound to metabolic syndrome and nutrient intake based on a machine-learning cluster analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:936956. [PMID: 36147576 PMCID: PMC9487178 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.936956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most important medical problems around the world. Identification of patient´s singular characteristic could help to reduce the clinical impact and facilitate individualized management. This study aimed to categorize MetS patients using phenotypical and clinical variables habitually collected during health check-ups of individuals considered to have high cardiovascular risk. The selected markers to categorize MetS participants included anthropometric variables as well as clinical data, biochemical parameters and prescribed pharmacological treatment. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out with a subsequent hierarchical cluster analysis using the z-scores from factor analysis. The first step identified three different factors. The first was determined by hypercholesterolemia and associated treatments, the second factor exhibited glycemic disorders and accompanying treatments and the third factor was characterized by hepatic enzymes. Subsequently four clusters of patients were identified, where cluster 1 was characterized by glucose disorders and treatments, cluster 2 presented mild MetS, cluster 3 presented exacerbated levels of hepatic enzymes and cluster 4 highlighted cholesterol and its associated treatments Interestingly, the liver status related cluster was characterized by higher protein consumption and cluster 4 with low polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. This research emphasized the potential clinical relevance of hepatic impairments in addition to MetS traditional characterization for precision and personalized management of MetS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Micó
- Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus Autónoma Madrid University (CEI UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Víctor Micó, ; Rodrigo San-Cristobal,
| | - Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus Autónoma Madrid University (CEI UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Víctor Micó, ; Rodrigo San-Cristobal,
| | - Roberto Martín
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus Autónoma Madrid University (CEI UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrition Unit, Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology (NUTRECOR). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases (HUSE), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Hospital Reina Sofía, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. Luís Serra-Majem
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep A. Tur
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology (NUTRECOR). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases (HUSE), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín Sánchez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Matía-Martín
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Biomedical Research Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Network CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clotilde Vázquez
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute (IISFJD), University Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García-Arellano
- Department of Emergency, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Alice Chaplin
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology (NUTRECOR). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases (HUSE), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia-Rios
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Hospital Reina Sofía, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Muñoz Bravo
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrition Unit, Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jose V. Sorli
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose I. Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Martinez-Urbistondo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estefania Toledo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Bullón
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Puy- Portillo
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Alava, Spain
| | - Manuel Macías-González
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Jesús García-Gavilán
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrition Unit, Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus Autónoma Madrid University (CEI UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus Autónoma Madrid University (CEI UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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