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Khan R, Di Gesù CM, Lee J, McCullough LD. The contribution of age-related changes in the gut-brain axis to neurological disorders. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2302801. [PMID: 38237031 PMCID: PMC10798364 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2302801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Trillions of microbes live symbiotically in the host, specifically in mucosal tissues such as the gut. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have revealed that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in the regulation of host immunity and metabolism, communicating through bidirectional interactions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The gut microbiota regulates both gut and systemic immunity and contributes to the neurodevelopment and behaviors of the host. With aging, the composition of the microbiota changes, and emerging studies have linked these shifts in microbial populations to age-related neurological diseases (NDs). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota-targeted therapies can improve behavioral outcomes in the host by modulating microbial, metabolomic, and immunological profiles. In this review, we discuss the pathways of brain-to-gut or gut-to-brain signaling and summarize the role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites across the lifespan and in disease. We highlight recent studies investigating 1) microbial changes with aging; 2) how aging of the maternal microbiome can affect offspring health; and 3) the contribution of the microbiome to both chronic age-related diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloidosis), and acute brain injury, including ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeesa Khan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia M. Di Gesù
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Zuurveld M, Diks MAP, Kiliaan PCJ, Garssen J, Folkerts G, van’t Land B, Willemsen LEM. Butyrate interacts with the effects of 2'FL and 3FL to modulate in vitro ovalbumin-induced immune activation, and 2'FL lowers mucosal mast cell activation in a preclinical model for hen's egg allergy. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1305833. [PMID: 38174112 PMCID: PMC10762782 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1305833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Early life provides a window of opportunity to prevent allergic diseases. With a prevalence of 0.5-2% in infants, hen's egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies. The immunomodulatory effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) were studied in an in vitro mucosal immune model and an in vivo murine model for hen's egg (ovalbumin) allergy. Methods Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)/dendritic cell (DC) and DC/T cell cocultures were used to expose IECs to ovalbumin (OVA) in an in vitro mucosal immune model. The effects of epithelial pre-incubation with 0.1% 2'FL or 3FL and/or 0.5 mM butyrate were studied. Three- to four-weeks-old female C3H/HeOuJ mice were fed AIN93G diets containing 0.1-0.5% 2'FL or 3FL 2 weeks before and during OVA sensitization and challenge. Allergic symptoms and systemic and local immune parameters were assessed. Results Exposing IECs to butyrate in vitro left the IEC/DC/T cell cross-talk unaffected, while 2'FL and 3FL showed differential immunomodulatory effects. In 3FL exposed IEC-DC-T cells, the secretion of IFNγ and IL10 was enhanced. This was observed upon pre-incubation of IECs with 2'FL and butyrate as well, but not 2'FL alone. The presence of butyrate did not affect OVA activation, but when combined with 3FL, an increase in IL6 release from DCs was observed (p < 0.001). OVA allergic mice receiving 0.5% 3FL diet had a lower %Th2 cells in MLNs, but the humoral response was unaltered compared to control mice. OVA-allergic mice receiving 0.1 or 0.5% 2'FL diets had lower serum levels of OVA-IgG2a (p < 0.05) or the mast cell marker mMCP1, in association with increased concentration of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (p < 0.05). Conclusion In vitro butyrate exposure promotes the development of a downstream type 1 and regulatory response observed after 2'FL exposure. 2'FL and 3FL differentially modulate ovalbumin-induced mucosal inflammation predominantly independent of butyrate. Mice receiving dietary 3FL during ovalbumin sensitization and challenge had lowered Th2 activation while the frequency of Treg cells was enhanced. By contrast, 2'FL improved the humoral immune response and suppressed mast cell activation in association with increased SCFAs production in the murine model for hen's egg allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. A. P. Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P. C. J. Kiliaan
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - G. Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - B. van’t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L. E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Li F, Lai J, Ma F, Cai Y, Li S, Feng Z, Lu Z, Liu X, Ke Q, Hao H, Xiao X. Maternal melatonin supplementation shapes gut microbiota and protects against inflammation in early life. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110359. [PMID: 37257272 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota colonization is critical for immune education and nutrient metabolism. Research shows that melatonin has beneficial effects as a therapy for many diseases via modulating gut dysbiosis. However, it is unclear whether melatonin alters gut microbiota colonization in early life. METHODS In the experimental group (Mel), mice were intraperitoneally injected with melatonin at 10 mg/kg body weight for embryonic days 14-16 and received drinking water containing 0.4 mg/mL melatonin until 28 days postpartum. In the control group (Ctrl), mice were injected with the same volume of 2.5% ethanol in saline and provided with standard water. Two more groups were created by treating neonatal mice with 20 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation, resulting in the groups Ctrl + LPS and Mel + LPS, respectively. We examined the gut microbiota of the neonatal mice in the Ctrl and Mel group on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-birth. On Day 14, melatonin and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations were measured in the Ctrl and Mel group and the mice were treated with LPS to be evaluated for intestinal injury and inflammatory response 15 h post treatment. According to the result of the SCFAs concentrations, some neonatal mice were intraperitoneally injected with 500 mg/kg sodium butyrate (SB) from Days 11-13, intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/kg LPS on Day 14, and then euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation the next morning. Intestinal injury and inflammatory responses were evaluated in the Ctrl + LPS and SB + LPS groups, respectively. RESULTS By Day 14, it was evident that maternal melatonin supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the ileal [61.03 (35.35 - 76.18) % vs. 98.02 (86.61 - 99.01) %, P = 0.003] and colonic [73.88 (69.77 - 85.99) % vs. 96.16 (94.57 - 96.34) %, P = 0.04] microbiota, the concentration of melatonin (0.79 ± 0.49 ng/ml vs. 6.11 ± 3.48 ng/ml, P = 0.008) in the gut lumen, and the fecal butyric acid (12.91 ± 5.74 μg/g vs. 23.58 ± 10.71 μg/g, P = 0.026) concentration of neonatal mice. Melatonin supplementation, and sodium butyrate treatment markedly alleviated intestinal injury and decreased inflammatory factors in neonatal mice. CONCLUSION This study suggests that maternal melatonin supplementation can shape the gut microbiota and metabolism of offspring under normal physiological conditions and protect them against LPS-induced inflammation in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jiahao Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yao Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Sitao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Inborn Errors of Metabolism Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Zhoushan Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhendong Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Qiong Ke
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hu Hao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Inborn Errors of Metabolism Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Inborn Errors of Metabolism Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.
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Therapeutic Potential of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolite Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020561. [PMID: 36836917 PMCID: PMC9959300 DOI: 10.3390/life13020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the principle end-products produced by the anaerobic gut microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates (CHO) in the colon perform beneficial roles in metabolic health. Butyrate, acetate and propionate are the main SCFA metabolites, which maintain gut homeostasis and host immune responses, enhance gut barrier integrity and reduce gut inflammation via a range of epigenetic modifications in DNA/histone methylation underlying these effects. The infant gut microbiota composition is characterized by higher abundances of SCFA-producing bacteria. A large number of in vitro/vivo studies have demonstrated the therapeutic implications of SCFA-producing bacteria in infant inflammatory diseases, such as obesity and asthma, but the application of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an acute inflammatory necrosis of the distal small intestine/colon affecting premature newborns, is scarce. Indeed, the beneficial health effects attributed to SCFAs and SCFA-producing bacteria in neonatal NEC are still to be understood. Thus, this literature review aims to summarize the available evidence on the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs in neonatal NEC using the PubMed/MEDLINE database.
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