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Rodríguez-Martínez R, Ochoa SA, Valle-Rios R, Jaimes-Ortega GA, Hernández-Castro R, Mancilla-Rojano J, Castro-Escarpulli G, López-Saucedo C, Estrada-García T, Cruz-Córdova A, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J. Genome Sequencing and Assembly of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli E9034A: Role of LngA, CstH, and FliC in Intestinal Cell Colonization and the Release of the Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-8. Microorganisms 2025; 13:374. [PMID: 40005742 PMCID: PMC11858209 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) produces two types of enterotoxins, LTs and STs, as well as several colonization factors (CFs), including CS21, CS3 fimbriae, and flagellar structures. This study investigated how these structures contribute to ETEC colonization and the immune response in HT-29 and HuTu-80 intestinal cells. ETEC strains with single, double, and triple mutations in the lngA, cstH, and fliC genes were generated and confirmed using PCR and Western blotting. The colonization of HT-29 and HuTu-80 intestinal cells by the ETEC E9034A strain, which was fully sequenced using a hybrid approach involving both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies, was used to generate the mutant and recombinant proteins. The colonization and adherence of E9034A and its mutants were assessed through colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Cytokine levels were assessed using flow cytometry and analyzed via FlowJo 7.6.1. Quantitative analysis revealed that the absence of the lngA, cstH, and fliC genes significantly (p < 0.01) reduced ETEC adherence to HT-29 and HutU-80 cells. In addition, only ETEC strains expressing the FliC protein induced IL-8 secretion. These findings suggest that LngA, CstH, and FliC in ETEC E9034A enhance adherence to intestinal cells and trigger the release of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.R.-M.); (G.C.-E.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.A.O.); (J.M.-R.)
| | - Sara A. Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.A.O.); (J.M.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Valle-Rios
- Unidad Universitaria de Investigación en Cáncer e Inmunología, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.V.-R.); (G.A.J.-O.)
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A. Jaimes-Ortega
- Unidad Universitaria de Investigación en Cáncer e Inmunología, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.V.-R.); (G.A.J.-O.)
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Jetsi Mancilla-Rojano
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.A.O.); (J.M.-R.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.R.-M.); (G.C.-E.)
| | - Catalina López-Saucedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.L.-S.); (T.E.-G.)
| | - Teresa Estrada-García
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.L.-S.); (T.E.-G.)
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.A.O.); (J.M.-R.)
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von Mentzer A, Svennerholm AM. Colonization factors of human and animal-specific enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:448-464. [PMID: 38052687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization factors (CFs) are major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This pathogen is among the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in children in low- and middle-income countries, travelers, and livestock. CFs are major candidate antigens in vaccines under development as preventive measures against ETEC infections in humans and livestock. Recent molecular studies have indicated that newly identified CFs on human ETEC are closely related to animal ETEC CFs. Increased knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms, immunogenicity, regulation, and expression of ETEC CFs, as well as the possible spread of animal ETEC to humans, may facilitate the future development of ETEC vaccines for humans and animals. Here, we present an updated review of CFs in ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid von Mentzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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