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Huang Y, Ali MR, Li W, Wang W, Dai Y, Lu H, He Z, Li Y, Sun B. Epidemiological characteristics of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST369 in Anhui, China. mSystems 2023; 8:e0073123. [PMID: 37655924 PMCID: PMC10654100 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00731-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii is a major health threat due to its antibiotic resistance and ability to cause nosocomial infections. Epidemiological studies indicated that the majority of globally prevalent ST369 clones originated from China, indicating a significant impact on public health in the country. In this study, we conducted whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and Galleria mellonella infection model on eight A. baumannii ST369 isolates collected from a provincial hospital in China to comprehensively understand the organism. We identified two mutations (G540A and G667D) on the wzc gene that can affect bacterial virulence and viscosity. We confirmed their impact on resistance and virulence. We also investigated the potential involvement of AB46_0125 and AB152_03903 proteins in virulence. This finding provides a theoretical reference for further research on A. baumannii ST369 clinical isolates with similar mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Md Roushan Ali
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wanying Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huaiwei Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhien He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baolin Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Junaid M, Thirapanmethee K, Khuntayaporn P, Chomnawang MT. CRISPR-Based Gene Editing in Acinetobacter baumannii to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:920. [PMID: 37513832 PMCID: PMC10384873 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to the health, social, environment, and economic sectors on a global scale and requires serious attention to addressing this issue. Acinetobacter baumannii was given top priority among infectious bacteria because of its extensive resistance to nearly all antibiotic classes and treatment options. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii is classified as one of the critical-priority pathogens on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria for effective drug development. Although available genetic manipulation approaches are successful in A. baumannii laboratory strains, they are limited when employed on newly acquired clinical strains since such strains have higher levels of AMR than those used to select them for genetic manipulation. Recently, the CRISPR-Cas (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) system has emerged as one of the most effective, efficient, and precise methods of genome editing and offers target-specific gene editing of AMR genes in a specific bacterial strain. CRISPR-based genome editing has been successfully applied in various bacterial strains to combat AMR; however, this strategy has not yet been extensively explored in A. baumannii. This review provides detailed insight into the progress, current scenario, and future potential of CRISPR-Cas usage for AMR-related gene manipulation in A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Krit Thirapanmethee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Piyatip Khuntayaporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mullika Traidej Chomnawang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Bacterial Carboxyl-Terminal Processing Proteases Play Critical Roles in the Cell Envelope and Beyond. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0062821. [PMID: 35293777 PMCID: PMC9017358 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00628-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis is essential throughout life, and as more proteases are characterized, our understanding of the roles they play continues to expand. Among other things, proteases are critical for protein turnover and quality control, the activation or inactivation of some enzymes, and they are integral components of signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on a family of proteases in bacteria known as the carboxyl-terminal processing proteases, or CTPs. Members of this family occur in all domains of life. In bacteria, CTPs have emerged as important enzymes that have been implicated in critical processes including regulation, stress response, peptidoglycan remodeling, and virulence. Here, we provide an overview of the roles that CTPs play in diverse bacterial species, and some of the underlying mechanisms. We also describe the structures of some bacterial CTPs, and their adaptor proteins, which have revealed striking differences in arrangements and mechanisms of action. Finally, we discuss what little is known about the distinguishing features of CTP substrates and cleavage sites, and speculate about how CTP activities might be regulated in the bacterial cell. Compared with many other proteases, the study of bacterial CTPs is still in its infancy, but it has now become clear that they affect fundamental processes in many different species. This is a protease family with broad significance, and one that holds the promise of more high impact discoveries to come.
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Fernandez JS, Tuttobene MR, Montaña S, Subils T, Cantera V, Iriarte A, Tuchscherr L, Ramirez MS. Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin Effect on Acinetobacter baumannii Behavior. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040570. [PMID: 35453769 PMCID: PMC9028598 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections are more challenging to treat and are recognized as responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. It has been demonstrated that multiple Gram-negative organisms take advantage of the effects of Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin on mucosal host defense, resulting in proliferation and dissemination of the co-infecting pathogens. Through phenotypic approaches, we observed a decrease in the motility of A. baumannii A118 after exposure to cell-free conditioned media (CFCM) of S. aureus strains, USA300 and LS1. However, the motility of A. baumannii A118 was increased after exposure to the CFCM of S. aureus strains USA300 Δhla and S. aureus LSI ΔagrA. Hemolytic activity was seen in A118, in the presence of CFCM of S. aureus LS1. Further, A. baumannii A118 showed an increase in biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, in the presence of CFCM of S. aureus USA300. Transcriptomic analysis of A. baumannii A118, with the addition of CFCM from S. aureus USA300, was carried out to study A. baumannii response to S. aureus’ released molecules. The RNA-seq data analysis showed a total of 463 differentially expressed genes, associated with a wide variety of functions, such as biofilm formation, virulence, and antibiotic susceptibility, among others. The present results showed that A. baumannii can sense and respond to molecules secreted by S. aureus. These findings demonstrate that A. baumannii may perceive and respond to changes in its environment; specifically, when in the presence of CFCM from S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Fernandez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (J.S.F.); (M.R.T.)
| | - Marisel R. Tuttobene
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (J.S.F.); (M.R.T.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario S2000, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Montaña
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina;
| | - Tomás Subils
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos de Rosario (IPROBYQ, CONICET-UNR), Rosario S2000, Argentina;
| | - Virginia Cantera
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay; (V.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay; (V.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Maria Soledad Ramirez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (J.S.F.); (M.R.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-657-278-4562
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Tao Y, Duma L, Rossez Y. Galleria mellonella as a Good Model to Study Acinetobacter baumannii Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1483. [PMID: 34832638 PMCID: PMC8623143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella, has been widely used to study host-pathogen interactions due to its cheapness, ease of handling, and similar mammalian innate immune system. G. mellonella larvae have been proven to be useful and a reliable model for analyzing pathogenesis mechanisms of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic pathogen difficult to kill. This review describes the detailed experimental design of G. mellonella/A. baumannii models, and provides a comprehensive comparison of various virulence factors and therapy strategies using the G. mellonella host. These investigations highlight the importance of this host-pathogen model for in vivo pathogen virulence studies. On the long term, further development of the G. mellonella/A. baumannii model will offer promising insights for clinical treatments of A. baumannii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu–CS 60 319 , 60203 Compiègne, France; (Y.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Luminita Duma
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu–CS 60 319 , 60203 Compiègne, France; (Y.T.); (L.D.)
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Yannick Rossez
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
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Rakovitsky N, Lellouche J, Ben David D, Frenk S, Elmalih P, Weber G, Kon H, Schwartz D, Wolfhart L, Temkin E, Carmeli Y. Increased Capsule Thickness and Hypermotility Are Traits of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST3 Strains Causing Fulminant Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab386. [PMID: 34514017 PMCID: PMC8423469 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acinetobacter baumannii is a successful nosocomial pathogen, causing severe, life-threatening infections in hospitalized patients, including pneumonia and bloodstream infections. The spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains is a major health threat worldwide. The successful spread of CRAB is mostly due to its highly plastic genome. Although some virulence factors associated with CRAB have been uncovered, many mechanisms contributing to its success are not fully understood. Methods Here we describe strains of CRAB that were isolated from fulminant cases in 2 hospitals in Israel. These isolates show a rare hypermucoid (HM) phenotype and were investigated using phenotypic assays, comparative genomics, and an in vivo Galleria mellonella model. Results The 3 isolates belonged to the ST3 international clonal type and were closely related to each other, as shown by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and phylogenetic analyses. These isolates possessed thickened capsules and a dense filamentous extracellular polysaccharides matrix as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and overexpressed the capsule polysaccharide synthesis pathway-related wzc gene. Conclusions The HM isolates possessed a unique combination of virulence genes involved in iron metabolism, protein secretion, adherence, and membrane glycosylation. HM strains were more virulent than control strains in 2 G. mellonella infection models. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated several virulence factors, all present in 3 CRAB isolates with rare hypermucoid phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Rakovitsky
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Lellouche
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Debby Ben David
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sammy Frenk
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Polet Elmalih
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriel Weber
- The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Infectious Disease and Infection Control Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hadas Kon
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Schwartz
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Wolfhart
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Temkin
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Carmeli
- National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Roy R, You RI, Chang CH, Yang CY, Lin NT. Carboxy-Terminal Processing Protease Controls Production of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Biofilm in Acinetobacter baumannii. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061336. [PMID: 34203028 PMCID: PMC8234194 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxy-terminal processing protease (Ctp) is a serine protease that controls multiple cellular processes through posttranslational modification of proteins. Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 ctp mutant, namely MR14, is known to cause cell wall defects and autolysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ctp mutation-driven autolysis in regulating biofilms in A. baumannii and to evaluate the vesiculation caused by cell wall defects. We found that in A. baumannii, Ctp is localized in the cytoplasmic membrane, and loss of Ctp function enhances the biofilm-forming ability of A. baumannii. Quantification of the matrix components revealed that extracellular DNA (eDNA) and proteins were the chief constituents of MR14 biofilm, and the transmission electron microscopy further indicated the presence of numerous dead cells compared with ATCC 17978. The large number of MR14 dead cells is potentially the result of compromised outer membrane integrity, as demonstrated by its high sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MR14 also exhibited the hypervesiculation phenotype, producing outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) of large mean size. The MR14 OMVs were more cytotoxic toward A549 cells than ATCC 17978 OMVs. Our overall results indicate that A. baumanniictp negatively controls pathogenic traits through autolysis and OMV biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Roy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chan-Hua Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chiou-Ying Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (N.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-3-856 5301 (ext. 2080) (N.-T.L.); Fax: +886-3-8566724 (N.-T.L.)
| | - Nien-Tsung Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (N.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-3-856 5301 (ext. 2080) (N.-T.L.); Fax: +886-3-8566724 (N.-T.L.)
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Belisario JC, Lee HH, Luknauth H, Rigel NW, Martinez LR. Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Deficient in the Clp Chaperone-Protease Genes Have Reduced Virulence in a Murine Model of Pneumonia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020204. [PMID: 33668542 PMCID: PMC7917692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen and causative agent of nosocomial pneumonia especially in immunocompromised individuals in intensive care units. Recent advances to understand the contribution and function of A. baumannii virulence factors in its pathogenesis have begun to elucidate how this bacterium interacts with immune cells and its interesting mechanisms for multi-antibiotic resistance. Taking advantage of the availability of the A. baumannii AB5075 transposon mutant library, we investigated the impact of the A. baumannii Clp genes, which encode for a chaperone-protease responsible for the degradation of misfolded proteins, on bacterial virulence in a model of pneumonia using C57BL/6 mice and survival within J774.16 macrophage-like cells. Clp-protease A. baumannii mutants exhibit decreased virulence in rodents, high phagocytic cell-mediated killing and reduced biofilm formation. Capsular staining showed evidence of encapsulation in A. baumannii AB5075 and Clp-mutant strains. Surprisingly, clpA and clpS mutants displayed irregular cell morphology, which may be important in the biofilm structural deficiencies observed in these strains. Interestingly, clpA showed apical-like growth, proliferation normally observed in filamentous fungi. These findings provide new information regarding A. baumannii pathogenesis and may be important for the development of therapies intended at reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this remarkable pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christian Belisario
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Hiu Ham Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Harshani Luknauth
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; (H.L.); (N.W.R.)
| | - Nathan W. Rigel
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; (H.L.); (N.W.R.)
| | - Luis R. Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sykes EME, Deo S, Kumar A. Recent Advances in Genetic Tools for Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Genet 2020; 11:601380. [PMID: 33414809 PMCID: PMC7783400 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.601380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is classified as a top priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) because of its widespread resistance to all classes of antibiotics. This makes the need for understanding the mechanisms of resistance and virulence critical. Therefore, tools that allow genetic manipulations are vital to unravel the mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR) and virulence in A. baumannii. A host of current strategies are available for genetic manipulations of A. baumannii laboratory-strains, including ATCC® 17978TM and ATCC® 19606T, but depending on susceptibility profiles, these strategies may not be sufficient when targeting strains newly obtained from clinic, primarily due to the latter's high resistance to antibiotics that are commonly used for selection during genetic manipulations. This review highlights the most recent methods for genetic manipulation of A. baumannii including CRISPR based approaches, transposon mutagenesis, homologous recombination strategies, reporter systems and complementation techniques with the spotlight on those that can be applied to MDR clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M E Sykes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soumya Deo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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