1
|
Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Kosik-Bogacka D, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kolasa A, Kot K, Solarczyk P, Derda M. Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in the skin of Acanthamoeba spp. infected immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. Exp Parasitol 2025; 273:108944. [PMID: 40274043 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. can cause opportunistic infections, such as cutaneous acanthamoebiasis (CA). Little is known about the role of TLRs and cytokines in the host skin during Acanthamoeba spp. infections. The study aimed to examine the gene and protein expression of TLR3, TLR7, IFN-γ, and IL-23 in the skin of mice experimentally infected with a clinical strain of Acanthamoeba spp. male BALB/c mice were assigned to four groups: group I (control group I) - with normal immunity (C, n = 5); group II (control group II) - with reduced immunity induced by methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPS; CS, n = 5); group III - amoeba-infected hosts with normal immunity (A, n = 12); and group IV- amoeba-infected hosts with reduced immunity induced by MPS (AS, n = 12). The skin sections (2 cm × 2 cm) were collected from the animals at 8, 16, and 24 days post-infection (dpi). TLR3, TLR7, IFN-γ, and IL-23 gene and protein expressions were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. In the immunocompetent hosts, we noted higher expressions of TLR3 and IL-23 at all-time points, except 8th dpi when IL-23 gene expression was downregulated compared to the control group. The mRNA expressions of TLR7 and IFN-γ were higher at 16 and 24 dpi in the skin of immunocompetent Acanthamoeba spp.-infected hosts than in the uninfected mice. In the course of acanthamoebiasis in the mice with reduced immunity, we found significant upregulation of TLR3, IL-23, and TLR7 gene expressions only at the beginning of infection compared to the control group. A similar relationship was observed for IFN-γ at 8 and 16 dpi. The pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infection in the skin is complex. The data presented in this paper add new insight, but they are not sufficient to explain the role of the studied receptors and cytokines. The clinical picture and mechanisms of host response appear to be influenced by the route of infection, immunological status and microorganisms carried within the parasites. CA remains a multifactorial phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - D Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology, Medical and Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wielkopolskich Avenue, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - N Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology, Medical and Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wielkopolskich Avenue, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - A Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wielkopolskich Avenue, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Kot
- Department of Biology, Medical and Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wielkopolskich Avenue, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - P Solarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Expósito RL, Sifaoui I, Salazar-Villatoro L, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Fernández JJ, Díaz-Marrero AR, Sutak R, Omaña-Molina M, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Staurosporine as a Potential Treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis Using Mouse Cornea as an Ex Vivo Model. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:423. [PMID: 39330304 PMCID: PMC11433162 DOI: 10.3390/md22090423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a ubiquitous genus of amoebae that can trigger a severe and progressive ocular disease known as Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK). Furthermore, current treatment protocols are based on the combination of different compounds that are not fully effective. Therefore, an urgent need to find new compounds to treat Acanthamoeba infections is clear. In the present study, we evaluated staurosporine as a potential treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis using mouse cornea as an ex vivo model, and a comparative proteomic analysis was conducted to elucidate a mechanism of action. The obtained results indicate that staurosporine altered the conformation of actin and tubulin in treated trophozoites of A. castellanii. In addition, proteomic analysis of treated trophozoites revealed that this molecule induced overexpression and a downregulation of proteins related to key functions for Acanthamoeba infection pathways. Additionally, the ex vivo assay used validated this model for the study of the pathogenesis and therapies of AK. Finally, staurosporine eliminated the entire amoebic population and prevented the adhesion and infection of amoebae to the epithelium of treated mouse corneas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén L. Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.L.R.-E.); (I.S.); (C.J.B.-E.); (J.E.P.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.L.R.-E.); (I.S.); (C.J.B.-E.); (J.E.P.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | - Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.L.R.-E.); (I.S.); (C.J.B.-E.); (J.E.P.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.J.F.); (A.R.D.-M.)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana R. Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.J.F.); (A.R.D.-M.)
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Medicina, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - José E. Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.L.R.-E.); (I.S.); (C.J.B.-E.); (J.E.P.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.L.R.-E.); (I.S.); (C.J.B.-E.); (J.E.P.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hernández-Martínez D, Castro Pot E, Hernández Olmos P, Guzmán Hernández EA, Cobos DS, Villa Ramírez S, Villamar Duque TE, Durán Díaz Á, Omaña-Molina M. Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites that survive multipurpose solutions are able to adhere to cosmetic contact lenses, increasing the risk of infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19599. [PMID: 37809484 PMCID: PMC10558846 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are etiological agents of amoebic keratitis, for which up to now there is no treatment of choice and one of its main risk factors is the use of contact lenses, including cosmetic contact lenses. Recently there has been an increase in amoebic keratitis cases due to the use of cosmetic contact lenses. Therefore, having a solution for the care of lenses with an efficient disinfectant effect that prevents the adhesion of trophozoites to lenses becomes essential. This study was carried out to determine the effect of 8 multipurpose contact lenses care solutions on Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites viability, and the efficiency of two of them to prevent the trophozoites adherence onto two cosmetic contact lenses (Acuvue 2, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and Magic Eye CCL, not approved). After 3 h of interaction, only AO Sept Plus, OPTI FREE Replenish, Renu Plus, Bio True and Multiplus significantly reduced the number of viable trophozoites with respect to the control; at 6 h Renu Plus, and at 12 h Conta Soft Plus and Multiplus, maintained the inhibitory effect. Only Opti Free Pure Moist did not significantly reduce the number of viable trophozoites. Multiplus and Opti Free Pure Moist (selected for their greater and lesser antiamibic effect) significantly reduced trophozoite adherence to both lenses; however, Opti Free Pure Moist was more efficient, despite the fact that A. castellanii adhered similarly to both lenses. Our results show that in all the multipurpose solutions evaluated, hundreds of viable A. castellanii trophozoites remain after several hours of incubation. Therefore, storage of the lenses in their case with MPS maintains the potential risk of amoebic keratitis in, cosmetic contact lenses wearers. Moreover, the use of CCL, not approved by the FDA, can increase the risk factor for AK since its poor manufacture can favor the permanence of amoebae, in addition to being a risk for corneal integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Hernández-Martínez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Edson Castro Pot
- Carrera de Optometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Perla Hernández Olmos
- Carrera de Optometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - David Segura Cobos
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Villa Ramírez
- Carrera de Optometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Tomás Ernesto Villamar Duque
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ángel Durán Díaz
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Derda M, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kolasa A, Kot K, Walczykiewicz J, Solarczyk P, Kosik-Bogacka D. The Immunological Changes in the Skin of BALC/c Mice with Disseminated Acanthamoebiasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050631. [PMID: 37242301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are involved in the recognition of numerous pathogens, including Acanthamoeba spp. Thanks to this, it is possible for immune cells to recognize microorganisms and trigger the body's innate immune response. The stimulation of TLRs also leads to the activation of specific immunity. The aim of the study was to determine the TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression in the skin of BALC/c mice infected with Acanthamoeba with AM22 strain isolated from a patient. Receptor expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the amoeba-infected host with normal (A) and reduced immunity (AS) as well as in the control host with normal immunity (C) and reduced immunity (CS). Statistical analysis of TLR2 gene expression in A and AS groups compared to C and CS groups, respectively, were statistically insignificant. In the A group, we found statistical upregulation of TLR4 gene expression at 8 dpi compared to the C group. While in AS group, TLR4 gene expression was at a similar level, such as in the CS group. Taking into account the host's immune status, the TLR4 gene expression was statistically higher in the skin of host from A group than in host from AS group at the beginning of the infection. Increased TLR4 gene expression in hosts with normal immunity infected with Acanthamoeba suggests the involvement of the studied receptor in the course of acanthamoebiasis. The above research results provide new data on the involvement of the studied receptor in the skin in the host's immune defense triggered during the Acanthamoeba infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Walczykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Solarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarink MJ, van der Meijs NL, Denzer K, Koenderman L, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ. Three encephalitis-causing amoebae and their distinct interactions with the host. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:230-245. [PMID: 34758928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Acanthamoeba spp. can cause devastating brain infections in humans which almost always result in death. The symptoms of the three infections overlap, but brain inflammation and the course of the disease differ, depending on the amoeba that is responsible. Understanding the differences between these amoebae can result in the development of strategies to prevent and treat these infections. Recently, numerous scientific advancements have been made in the understanding of pathogenicity mechanisms in general, and the basic biology, epidemiology, and the human immune response towards these amoebae in particular. In this review, we combine this knowledge and aim to identify which factors can explain the differences between the lethal brain infections caused by N. fowleri, B. mandrillaris, and Acanthamoeba spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Sarink
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia L van der Meijs
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Denzer
- Center for Translational Immunology (CTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Center for Translational Immunology (CTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|