Assessment of CafA Targeted BAR-Encapsulated Nanoparticles against Oral Biofilms

Nanoparticles as Strategies for Modulating the Host's Response in Periodontitis Treatment

Periodontitis is a widespread disease, associated with challenges both in its diagnosis and in selecting from various therapeutic approaches, which do not always yield the expected success. This literature review was conducted to explore diverse therapeutic approaches, especially those focused on nanotechnologies, and their potential contribution to the successful modulation of the host's response. The effects of the existing microbial diversity and the imbalance of key microbial species in contributing to the progression and worsening of the host's response in periodontitis are well known. It is essential to understand the role of a well-structured treatment plan for periodontitis, providing opportunities for new research and innovative treatment strategies aimed at reducing the impact of periodontitis on oral and overall systemic health. This will be beneficial for dental professionals, enabling them to effectively prevent and treat periodontitis, ultimately improving the overall health and well-being of patients.

A perspective on nanomaterials against Campylobacter jejuni biofilm - New control strategies

Campylobacter jejuni - a Gram-negative bacterium - is considered the fourth cause of diarrheic diseases that can form biofilms (mono and multi-species) or colonize pre-existing biofilms adhering to both, inert or biotic surfaces; its biofilms contribute to transmission through the food chain and survival under harsh environmental conditions. Thus, developing alternatives against this pathogen is compulsory. Nanomaterials have revolutionized the way of fighting infections related to biofilms due to their unique properties compared to traditional antibiotics. Nanomaterials have also been used against C. jejuni based on zinc, titanium, silver, molybdenum, magnesium, cobalt, erbium, lithium, nickel, hydroxide, polyethylene, graphene, lipids, chitosan, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Those organic and inorganic materials have synthesized nanoparticles, nanofillers, nanowires, nanoferrites, double layers, nanocomposites, and films that have encapsulated, entrapped, coated or doped molecules. Additionally, bare metal nanoparticles have been tested by their antimicrobial activity on planktonic and sessile forms. Therefore, the present review aimed to describe general biology, virulence factors, host-pathogen relationships and biofilm formation, as well as nanomaterials and nanoparticles fighting against C. jejuni biofilms. Considerations are presented and placed in perspective.

Nanoparticles in Periodontitis Therapy: A Review of the Current Situation

Periodontitis is a disease of inflammation that affects the tissues supporting the periodontium. It is triggered by an immunological reaction of the gums to plaque, which leads to the destruction of periodontal attachment structures. Periodontitis is one of the most commonly recognized dental disorders in the world and a major factor in the loss of adult teeth. Scaling and root planing remain crucial for managing patients with persistent periodontitis. Nevertheless, exclusive reliance on mechanical interventions like periodontal surgery, extractions, and root planning is insufficient to halt the progression of periodontitis. In response to the problem of bacterial resistance, some researchers are committed to finding alternative therapies to antibiotics. In addition, some scholars focus on finding new materials to provide a powerful microenvironment for periodontal tissue regeneration and promote osteogenic repair. Nanoparticles possess distinct therapeutic qualities, including exceptional antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, immunomodulatory capacities, and the promotion of bone regeneration ability, which made them can be used for the treatment of periodontitis. However, there are many problems that limit the clinical translation of nanoparticles, such as toxic accumulation in cells, poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo, and poor animal-to-human transmissibility. In this paper, we review the present researches on nanoparticles in periodontitis treatment from the perspective of three main categories: inorganic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, and nanocomposites (including nanofibers, hydrogels, and membranes). The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and recent update on nanoparticles-based therapies for periodontitis. The conclusion section summarizes the opportunities and challenges in the design and clinical translation of nanoparticles for the treatment of periodontitis.

Bacteria autoaggregation: how and why bacteria stick together

Autoaggregation, adherence between identical bacterial cells, is important for colonization, kin and kind recognition, and survival of bacteria. It is directly mediated by specific interactions between proteins or organelles on the surfaces of interacting cells or indirectly by the presence of secreted macromolecules such as eDNA and exopolysaccharides. Some autoaggregation effectors are self-associating and present interesting paradigms for protein interaction. Autoaggregation can be beneficial or deleterious at specific times and niches. It is, therefore, typically regulated through transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms or epigenetically by phase variation. Autoaggregation can contribute to bacterial adherence, biofilm formation or other higher-level functions. However, autoaggregation is only required for these phenotypes in some bacteria. Thus, autoaggregation should be detected, studied and measured independently using both qualitative and quantitative in vitro and ex vivo methods. If better understood, autoaggregation holds the potential for the discovery of new therapeutic targets that could be cost-effectively exploited.