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Martínez-Casales M, Hernanz R, González-Carnicero Z, Barrús MT, Martín A, Briones AM, Michalska P, León R, Pinilla E, Simonsen U, Alonso MJ. The Melatonin Derivative ITH13001 Prevents Hypertension and Cardiovascular Alterations in Angiotensin II-Infused Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:670-687. [PMID: 38129126 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. ITH13001 is a melatonin-phenyl-acrylate hybrid that moderately induces the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and has a potent oxidant scavenging effect compared with other derivatives of its family. Here we investigated the effect of ITH13001 on hypertension and the associated cardiovascular alterations. Angiotensin II (AngII)-infused mice were treated with ITH13001 (1 mg/kg per day, i.p.) for 2 weeks. The ITH13001 treatment prevented: 1) the development of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and increased collagen and B-type natriuretic peptide (Bnp) expression in the heart; 2) the reduction of elasticity, incremental distensibility, fenestrae area, intraluminal diameter, and endothelial cell number in mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA); 3) the endothelial dysfunction in aorta and MRA; 4) the plasma and cardiovascular oxidative stress and the reduced aortic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability; 5) the increased cardiac levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), the T cell marker cluster of differentiation 3 (Cd3), the inflammasome NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3), the proinflammatory enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) adapter protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65; 6) the greater aortic expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α), Ccl2 and IL-6, Cd3, iNOS, MyD88, and NLRP3. Although ITH13001 increased nuclear Nrf2 levels and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, both cardiac and vascular Nrf2, Ho-1, and NADPH quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1) levels remained unmodified irrespective of AngII infusion. Summarizing, ITH13001 improved hypertension-associated cardiovascular alterations independently of Nrf2 pathway activation, likely due to its direct antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, ITH13001 could be a useful therapeutic strategy in patients with resistant hypertension. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite the existing therapeutic arsenal, only half of the patients treated for hypertension have adequately controlled blood pressure; therefore, the search for new compounds to control this pathology and the associated damage to end-target organs (cerebral, cardiac, vascular, renal) is of particular interest. The present study demonstrates that a new melatonin derivative, ITH13001, prevents hypertension development and the associated cardiovascular alterations due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making this compound a potential candidate for treatment of resistant hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Casales
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Raquel Hernanz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Zoe González-Carnicero
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - María T Barrús
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Angela Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Ana M Briones
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Rafael León
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Estefano Pinilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
| | - María J Alonso
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain (M.M.-C., R.H., Z.G.-C, M.T.B., A.M., M.J.A.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (R.H., A.M., A.M.B., M.J.A.); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.); Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK (P.M.); Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (R.L.); and Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.P., U.S.)
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5
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Owjfard M, Karimi F, Mallahzadeh A, Nabavizadeh SA, Namavar MR, Saadi MI, Hooshmandi E, Salehi MS, Zafarmand SS, Bayat M, Karimlou S, Borhani-Haghighi A. Mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of dimethyl fumarate in ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2023. [PMID: 37183360 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory drug currently approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. Its benefits on ischemic stroke outcomes have recently come to attention. To date, only tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs) and clot retrieval methods have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Ischemic conditions lead to inflammation through diverse mechanisms, and recanalization can worsen the state. DMF and the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway it regulates seem to be important in postischemic inflammation, and animal studies have demonstrated that the drug improves overall stroke outcomes. Although the exact mechanism is still unknown, studies indicate that these beneficial impacts are due to the modulation of immune responses, blood-brain barrier permeability, and hemodynamic adjustments. One major component evaluated before, during, and after tPA therapy in stroke patients is blood pressure (BP). Recent studies have found that DMF may impact BP. Both hypotension and hypertension need correction before treatment, which may delay the appropriate intervention. Since BP management is crucial in managing stroke patients, it is important to consider DMF's role in this matter. That being said, it seems further investigations on DMF may lead to an alternative approach for stroke patients. In this article, we discuss the mechanistic roles of DMF and its potential role in stroke based on previously published literature and laboratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST), Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Arashk Mallahzadeh
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Karimlou
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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González-Carnicero Z, Hernanz R, Martínez-Casales M, Barrús MT, Martín Á, Alonso MJ. Regulation by Nrf2 of IL-1β-induced inflammatory and oxidative response in VSMC and its relationship with TLR4. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1058488. [PMID: 36937865 PMCID: PMC10018188 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1058488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) participates in the vascular inflammatory and oxidative responses and influences vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) phenotype and function, as well as vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is also involved in the inflammatory response in cardiovascular diseases. A relationship between Interleukin-1β and Toll-like receptor 4 pathway has been described, although the exact mechanism of this interaction remains still unknown. Moreover, the oxidative stress sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) promotes the transcription of several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 activators have shown to possess beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases in which oxidative stress and inflammation are involved, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis; however, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we analysed the role of Toll-like receptor 4 in the oxidative and inflammatory effects of Interleukin-1β as well as whether nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation contributes to vascular alterations by modulating these effects. Materials: For this purpose, vascular smooth muscle cells and mice aortic segments stimulated with Interleukin-1β were used. Results: Interleukin-1β induces MyD88 expression while the Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor CLI-095 reduces the Interleukin-1β-elicited COX-2 protein expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, vascular smooth muscle cells migration and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, Interleukin-1β increases nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation and expression of its downstream proteins heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and superoxide dismutase-2, by an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism; moreover, Interleukin-1β reduces the expression of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 inhibitor Keap1. The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 activator tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) reduces the effects of Interleukin-1β on the increased reactive oxygen species production and the expression of the proinflammatory markers (p-p38, p-JNK, p-c-Jun, COX-2), the increased cell proliferation and migration and prevents the Interleukin-1β-induced endothelial dysfunction in mice aortas. Additionally, tert-butylhydroquinone also reduces the increased MyD88 expression, NADPHoxidase activity and cell migration induced by lipopolysaccharide. Conclusions: In summary, this study reveals that Toll-like receptor 4 pathway contributes to the prooxidant and proinflammatory Interleukin-1β-induced effects. Moreover, activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 prevents the deleterious effects of Interleukin-1β, likely by reducing Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Although further research is needed, the results are promising as they suggest that nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 activators might protect against the oxidative stress and inflammation characteristic of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe González-Carnicero
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Raquel Hernanz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Casales
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - María Teresa Barrús
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Ángela Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángela Martín, ; María Jesús Alonso,
| | - María Jesús Alonso
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángela Martín, ; María Jesús Alonso,
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Wu X, Wei J, Yi Y, Gong Q, Gao J. Activation of Nrf2 signaling: A key molecular mechanism of protection against cardiovascular diseases by natural products. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1057918. [PMID: 36569290 PMCID: PMC9772885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1057918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of cardiac and vascular disorders including myocardial ischemia, congenital heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Despite considerable progress in prophylaxis and treatment options, CVDs remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and impose an extremely high socioeconomic burden. Oxidative stress (OS) caused by disequilibrium in the generation of reactive oxygen species plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of CVDs. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor of endogenous antioxidant defense systems against OS, is considered an ideal therapeutic target for management of CVDs. Increasingly, natural products have emerged as a potential source of Nrf2 activators with cardioprotective properties and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic tool for CVD. Here, we present an updated comprehensive summary of naturally occurring products with cardioprotective properties that exert their effects by suppression of OS through activation of Nrf2 signaling, with the aim of providing useful insights for the development of therapeutic strategies exploiting natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jianmei Gao,
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