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Iyer J, Morgan LM, Harrison P, Davis A, Ray A, Mitsche S, Hofer F, Saraf I, Paudel A. Applying Material Science Principles to Chemical Stability: Modelling Solid State Autoxidation in Mifepristone Containing Different Degrees of Crystal Disorder. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2463-2482. [PMID: 37031865 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Ball-milling and harsh manufacturing processes often generate crystal disorder which have practical implications on the physical and chemical stabilities of solid drugs during subsequent storage, transport, and handling. The impact of the physical state of solid drugs, containing different degrees/levels of crystal disorder, on their autoxidative stability under storage has not been widely investigated. This study investigates the impact of differing degrees of crystal disorder on the autoxidation of Mifepristone (MFP) to develop a predictive (semi-empirical) stability model. Crystalline MFP was subjected to different durations of ambient ball milling, and the resulting disorder/ amorphous content was quantified using a partial least square (PLS) regression model based on Raman spectroscopy data. Samples of MFP milled to generate varying levels of disorder were subjected to a range of (accelerated) stability conditions, and periodically sampled to examine their recrystallization and degradation extents. Crystallinity was monitored by Raman spectroscopy, and the degradation was evaluated by liquid chromatography. The analyses of milled samples demonstrated a competition between recrystallization and degradation via autoxidation of MFP, to different extents depending on stability conditions/exposure time. The degradation kinetics were analyzed by accounting for the preceding amorphous content, and fitted with a diffusion model. An extended Arrhenius equation was used to predict the degradation of stored samples under long-term (25°C/60% RH) and accelerated (40°C/75% RH, 50°C/75% RH) stability conditions. This study highlights the utility of such a predictive stability model for identifying the autoxidative instability in non-crystalline/partially crystalline MFP, owing to the degradation of the amorphous phases. This study is particularly useful for identifying drug-product instability by leveraging the concept of material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Lucy M Morgan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Pamela Harrison
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Adrian Davis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Andrew Ray
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Stefan Mitsche
- FELMI ZFE-Austrian Center for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- FELMI ZFE-Austrian Center for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz 8010, Austria.
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Petřík J, Zůza D, Heřt J, Řezanka P, Krejčík L, Hrubcová K, Štěpánek F. Azobisisobutyronitrile loaded on mesoporous silica particles: A new stressor for solid-state oxidative forced degradation studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 232:115417. [PMID: 37120974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for testing drug sensitivity to autooxidative degradation in the solid state is demonstrated in this work. A novel solid-state form of stressing agent for autooxidation has been proposed, based on azobisisobutyronitrile loaded into mesoporous silica carrier particles. The new solid-state form of the stressing agent was applied in degradation studies of two active pharmaceutical ingredients: bisoprolol and abiraterone acetate. The effectiveness and predictivity of the method were evaluated by comparing impurity profiles with those obtained by traditional stability testing of commercial tablets containing the investigated APIs. The results obtained by the new solid-state stressor were also compared with those obtained by an existing method for testing peroxide oxidative degradation in the solid state using a complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone with hydrogen peroxide. It was found that the new silica particle-based stressor was able to effectively predict which impurities could be formed by autooxidation in tablets and that this new approach is complementary to methods for testing peroxide oxidative degradation known from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Petřík
- Zentiva, k.s., Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - David Zůza
- Zentiva, k.s., Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Heřt
- Zentiva, k.s., Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Krejčík
- Zentiva, k.s., Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hrubcová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Iyer J, Karn A, Brunsteiner M, Ray A, Davis A, Saraf I, Paudel A. Screening Autoxidation Propensities of Drugs in the Solid-State Using PVP and in the Solution State Using N-Methyl Pyrrolidone. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030848. [PMID: 36986709 PMCID: PMC10058359 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative degradation of drugs is one of the major routes of drug substance and drug product instability. Among the diverse routes of oxidation, autoxidation is considered to be challenging to predict and control, potentially due to the multi-step mechanism involving free radicals. C–H bond dissociation energy (C–H BDE) is evidenced to be a calculated descriptor shown to predict drug autoxidation. While computational predictions for the autoxidation propensity of drugs are both swift and possible, no literature to date has highlighted the relationship between the computed C–H BDE and the experimentally-derived autoxidation propensities of solid drugs. The objective of this study is to investigate this missing relationship. The present work is an extension to the previously reported novel autoxidation approach that involves subjecting a physical mixture of pre-milled polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-60 and a crystalline drug under high temperature and pressurized oxygen setup. The drug degradation was measured using chromatographic methods. An improved trend between the extent of solid autoxidation and C–H BDE could be observed after normalizing the effective surface area of drugs in the crystalline state, pointing to a positive relationship. Additional studies were conducted by dissolving the drug in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and exposing the solution under a pressurized oxygen setup at diverse elevated temperatures. Chromatographic results of these samples indicated a similarity in the formed degradation products to the solid-state experiments pointing to the utility of NMP, a PVP monomer surrogate, as a stressing agent for faster and relevant autoxidation screening of drugs in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anjali Karn
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andrew Ray
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Adrian Davis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-873-30912
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Iyer J, Brunsteiner M, Modhave D, Paudel A. Role of Crystal Disorder and Mechanoactivation in Solid-State Stability of Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1539-1565. [PMID: 36842482 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Common energy-intensive processes applied in oral solid dosage development, such as milling, sieving, blending, compaction, etc. generate particles with surface and bulk crystal disorder. An intriguing aspect of the generated crystal disorder is its evolution and repercussion on the physical- and chemical stabilities of drugs. In this review, we firstly examine the existing literature on crystal disorder and its implications on solid-state stability of pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we discuss the key aspects related to the generation and evolution of crystal disorder, dynamics of the disordered/amorphous phase, analytical techniques to measure/quantify them, and approaches to model the disordering propensity from first principles. The main objective of this compilation is to provide special impetus to predict or model the chemical degradation(s) resulting from processing-induced manifestation in bulk solid manufacturing. Finally, a generic workflow is proposed that can be useful to investigate the relevance of crystal disorder on the degradation of pharmaceuticals during stability studies. The present review will cater to the requirements for developing physically- and chemically stable drugs, thereby enabling early and rational decision-making during candidate screening and in assessing degradation risks associated with formulations and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz Austria.
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Iyer J, Barbosa M, Saraf I, Pinto JF, Paudel A. Mechanoactivation as a Tool to Assess the Autoxidation Propensity of Amorphous Drugs. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1112-1128. [PMID: 36651656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoactivation has attracted considerable attention in the pharmaceutical sciences due to its ability to generate amorphous materials and solid-state synthetic products without the use of solvent. Although some studies have reported drug degradation during milling, no studies have systematically investigated the use of mechanoactivation in predicting drug degradation in the solid state. Thus, this work explores the autoxidation of drugs in the solid state by comilling amorphous mifepristone (MFP):polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and amorphous olanzapine (OLA):PVPVA. MFP was amorphized by ball milling and OLA by quench cooling techniques. Subsequently, comilling the amorphous drugs in the presence of a 10-fold weight ratio of PVPVA (the excipient containing reactive free radicals) was performed at several milling frequencies to identify the kinetics of mechano-autoxidation over milling durations. Overall, milling led to the degradation of up to 5% drug in the solid state. The autoxidation mechanism was confirmed by performing a stress study in the solution at 50 °C for 5 h, by using a 10 mM azo-bis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as a stressing agent. By deconvoluting the effect of milling frequency and the energy on the extent and kinetics of milling-induced autoxidation of amorphous drugs, it was possible to fit an extended Arrhenius model that allowed extrapolation of mechanoactivated degradation rates (Km) to zero milling frequencies. Further, the autoxidation rates of drugs stored at high temperatures were observed to follow an Arrhenius behavior. A good degree of agreement was observed between the model predictions obtained by mechanoactivation (Km) to the reaction rates observed under accelerated temperatures. Additionally, the impact of adding an antioxidant (e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene) to the mixture during comilling was also examined. This study can be helpful in evaluating the stability of amorphous solids stored in accelerated (non-hermetic) conditions, in screening solid-state autoxidation propensity of drugs, and for the rational selection of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Matilde Barbosa
- iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa P-1649-003, Portugal
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - João F Pinto
- iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa P-1649-003, Portugal
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria.,Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz 8010, Austria
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