Myricetin Nanofibers Enhanced Water Solubility and Skin Penetration for Increasing Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activities

Modification of biopharmaceutical parameters of flavonoids: a review

Flavonoids are natural organic compounds that are derivatives of diphenylpropane. This group of polyphenols can be found in multiple natural sources and they exhibit a variety of biological effects. Despite the wide array of beneficial properties, the development of drugs based on these compounds is hindered by their low bioavailability. Although the substantial body of information available on strategies to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of flavonoids, this knowledge remains fragmented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to consolidate and systematize scientific data on methods for increasing the solubility and bioavailability of flavonoid compounds without changing their initial molecular structures. Throughout the investigation, it was determined that the most prevalent methods for increasing solubility and bioavailability include co-crystallization, formation of phospholipid and inclusion complexes, and the creation of nanostructures. Although there were no pronounced differences observed in enhancing solubility, the impact of these methods on pharmacokinetic parameters was established. It was found that the production of inclusion complexes and nanostructures leads to the greatest increase in the area under the pharmacokinetic curve by an average of 4.2 and 3.7 times, respectively. The least effect was noted for phytosomes, where this parameter for the modified forms exceeded the initial value by only 1.7 times. Phospholipid complexes exhibited a longer average half-elimination time than all other modifications, achieving a 2.1-fold increase. For nanostructures and micelles, a substantial increase in maximum concentration of the active substance in blood plasma was observed, reaching an average of 5.4 times for both types of modifications. During the systematization and generalization of the data, a high level of heterogeneity in solubility assessment methods across various studies was revealed, complicating comparisons of original data obtained by different researchers. The findings of this review are crucial for researchers investigating the bioavailability of flavonoid compounds and will facilitate the selection of the most effective methods based on the desired outcomes for solubility and bioavailability.

Unlocking the Pharmacological Potential of Myricetin Against Various Pathogenesis

Myricetin is a natural flavonoid with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential commonly found in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and tea. The vital role of this flavonoid in the prevention and treatment of various diseases is evidenced by its ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, maintain tissue architecture, and modulate cell signaling pathways. Thus, this review summarizes recent evidence on myricetin, focusing precisely on its mechanisms of action in various pathogenesis, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, osteoporosis, liver, neuro, cardio, and reproductive system-associated pathogenesis. Moreover, it has been revealed that myricetin exhibits anti-microbial properties due to obstructive virulence factors, preventing biofilm formation and disrupting membrane integrity. Additionally, synergistic potential with other drugs and the role of myricetin-based nanoformulations in different diseases are properly discussed. This review seeks to increase the understanding of myricetin's pharmacological potential in various diseases, principally highlighting its effective mechanisms of action. Further wide-ranging research, as well as more randomized and controlled clinical trial studies, should be executed to reconnoiter this compound's therapeutic value, safety, and usefulness against various human pathogenesis.

Myricetin-loaded SBA-15 silica nanoparticles for enhanced management of pyrexia, pain, and inflammation through modulation of MAPK/NF-κB and COX-2/PGE-2 pathways: Evidence from the biochemical, histological, and metabolomic analysis

Myricetin (MYR) is a natural flavonoid that has several biological functions. However, some of its beneficial effects are diminished due to low water solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Herein, several kinds of silica nanoparticles (MCM-41 and SBA-15) were loaded with MYR to improve its biological activity as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory component, thereby overcoming its drawbacks. The nanoparticles (MYR@SBA-15) were formulated optimally, transforming MYR into an amorphous state. This transformation was confirmed via several strategies, including differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder x-ray diffraction. As a result, there was a significant enhancement in the solubility and rate of dissolution in water. The anti-inflammatory benefits as an innovative strategy and the underlying mechanism of action of MYR and its SBA-15 silica nanoparticles (MYR@SBA-15) were investigated based on the biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and metabolomic assays alongside their antipyretic and analgesic characteristics. Compared to the usage of raw MYR, the administration of MYR@SBA-15 at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg significantly decreases pain perception by inhibiting the body's writhing motions induced by acetic acid. Furthermore, it helps regulate increased body temperature caused by baking yeast and effectively stabilizes it. It reduces the release of NO and PGE-2 in a concentration-dependent manner by down-regulating iNOS and COX-2 expression in the inflammatory model. MYR and MYR@SBA-15 also inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, downregulate the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as p38, ERK1/2, and JNK protein, and reduce the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. In addition, inflammatory cardinal signs like paw edema caused by carrageenan in rats are greatly suppressed by MYR and MYR@SBA-15 treatment when compared to the untreated group. More noteworthy outcomes are shown in the MYR@SBA-15, particularly at a dose of 100 mg/kg. These results of biochemical and immuno-histochemistry suggest that MYR@SBA-15 may be a useful analgesic antipyretic and may also help reduce inflammation by altering MAPKs/NF-κB and COX-2/PGE-2 signaling cascades. Serum metabolomics study demonstrated modifications in various low molecular weight metabolites with arthritis development. These metabolite levels were restored to normal when MYR@SBA-15 was administered via modulating several metabolic pathways, i.e., pyrimidine, energy metabolism, and proteins. Overall, MYR-loaded SBA-15 silica nanoparticles have demonstrated significant promise in enhancing the disturbed metaboloic pathways and providing a substantial capacity to regulate several oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators.

Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin

Background/Objectives: Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana L.) roots-largely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic effects-are a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals. However, their efficacy can be compromised by low chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Incorporation into phospholipid vesicles is often proposed to tackle this problem. Methods: In this study, a hydroalcoholic extract was produced from horseradish roots. The extract was characterized by UPLC-MS and HPLC-PDA and formulated in conventional liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles (PEVs) for skin application. Results: The obtained nanovesicles were small in size (<100 nm), negatively charged, uni/bilamellar, and with high values of entrapment efficiency (>85%) for the flavonoids identified in the extract. Both the free and the nanoformulated extract showed optimal biocompatibility, measured as the absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes and absence of cytotoxicity in skin cell lines. Furthermore, the nanoformulations displayed antioxidant activity in vitro. Conclusions: The proposed nananoformulations could be exploited to counteract oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous skin disorders.

Optimization Design of a Multi-String Standing Wave Electrospinning Apparatus Based on Electric Field Simulations

The mass production of uniform, high-quality polymer nanofibers remains a challenge. To enhance spinning yield, a multi-string standing wave electrospinning apparatus was developed by incorporating a string array into a standing wave electrospinning device. The process parameters such as string spacing, quantity, and phase difference were optimized, and their effects on the electric field distribution within the spinning area were analyzed using electric field simulations. When the string spacing was less than 40 mm or the number of strings exceeded two, the electric field strength significantly decreased due to electric field interference. However, this interference could be effectively mitigated by setting the string standing wave phase difference to half a period. The optimal string array parameters were identified as string spacing of 40 mm, two strings, and a phase difference of half a period. Multi-string standing wave electrospinning produced fibers with diameters similar to those obtained with single-string standing wave electrospinning (178 ± 72 nm vs. 173 ± 48 nm), but the yield increased by 88.7%, reaching 2.17 g/h, thereby demonstrating the potential for the large-scale production of nanofibers. This work further refined the standing wave electrospinning process and provided valuable insights for optimizing wire-type electrospinning processes.

Preparation, characterisation, and pharmacodynamic study of myricetin pH-sensitive liposomes

AIMS

Myricetin (MYR) was incorporated into pH-sensitive liposomes in order to improve its bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity.

METHODS

The MYR pH-sensitive liposomes (MYR liposomes) were prepared using thin film dispersion method, and assessed by particle size (PS), polydispersed index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and in vitro release rate. Pharmacokinetics and anti-hyperuricemic activities were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The PS, PDI, ZP, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading of MYR liposomes were 184.34 ± 1.05 nm, 0.215 ± 0.005, -38.46 ± 0.30 mV, 83.42 ± 1.07%w/w, and 6.20 ± 0.31%w/w, respectively. The release rate of MYR liposomes was higher than free MYR, wherein the cumulative value responded to pH. Besides, the Cmax of MYR liposomes was 4.92 ± 0.20 μg/mL. The level of uric acid in the M-L-H group (200 mg/kg) was reduced by 54.74%w/v in comparison with the model group.

CONCLUSION

MYR liposomes exhibited pH sensitivity and could potentially enhance the oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic efficacy of MYR.