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Rimsha G, Shahbaz M, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Akram MW, Shabbir I, Kainat K, Amir A, Sultan E, Munir M, Imran M. Raman Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Solid Dosage Forms of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient of Febuxostat. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41451-41457. [PMID: 37970040 PMCID: PMC10633866 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterize and quantify the solid dosage forms of the commercially available drug febuxostat. For this purpose, different formulations consisting of the febuxostat (API) and excipients with different concentrations of the API are prepared and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy to identify different spectral features related to the febuxostat API and excipients. Multivariate data analysis tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analysis are used for qualitative and quantitative analyses. PCA has been found to be useful for the qualitative monitoring of various solid dosage forms. PLSR analysis has led to the successful prediction of API concentration in the unknown samples with a sensitivity and a selectivity of 98 and 99%, respectively. Moreover, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of calibration and validation of the PLSR model has been found to be 2.9033 and 1.35, respectively. Notably, it is found to be very helpful for the comparison between the self-made formulations of febuxostat and commercially available febuxostat tablets (40 and 80 mg) of two different brands (Gouric and Zurig). These results showed that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful and reliable technique for identifying and quantifying the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in commercially available solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gull Rimsha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad
Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Akram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ifra Shabbir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Kainat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Amir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Eiman Sultan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mulja Munir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Peterwitz M, Jodwirschat J, Loll R, Schembecker G. Tracking raw material flow through a continuous direct compression line Part I of II: Residence time distribution modeling and sensitivity analysis enabling increased process yield. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121467. [PMID: 35032576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing (CM) offers advantages in quality and space-time yield compared to common batch manufacturing. However, higher yield losses due to the start-up procedure make a broad application uneconomical. This work discusses the possibility of reducing yield losses by adjusting the degree of back-mixing. Back-mixing of nonconforming material from disturbances or start-up will result in the contamination of subsequent material. Therefore, higher degrees of back-mixing cause the discharge of additional material. Choosing an advantageous setting of operational parameters may be a simple way to change the degree of back-mixing. Based on direct compression, this work demonstrates the identification of promising parameters. Therefore, step-change experiments using color-marked material in the feeder, blender, and tablet press quantify the impact of three operational parameters per device. Models for the devices and the entire process result from those measurements. Subsequently, a global variance-based sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential parameters. As a result, adjusting the minimal filling level of the feeder and the rotational feed frame speed of the tablet press reduces back-mixing by more than 30%. At high costs of the raw materials, the resulting savings can significantly improve the economic performance of CM compared to batch manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Peterwitz
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany; Invite GmbH, Otto-Bayer-Straße 32, D-51061 Cologne, Germany
| | - Janis Jodwirschat
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rouven Loll
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schembecker
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Shi G, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen G, Luo Y, Wu Y, Li H. Pharmaceutical application of multivariate modelling techniques: a review on the manufacturing of tablets. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8323-8345. [PMID: 35423324 PMCID: PMC8695199 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tablet manufacturing process is a complex system, especially in continuous manufacturing (CM). It includes multiple unit operations, such as mixing, granulation, and tableting. In tablet manufacturing, critical quality attributes are influenced by multiple factorial relationships between material properties, process variables, and interactions. Moreover, the variation in raw material attributes and manufacturing processes is an inherent characteristic and seriously affects the quality of pharmaceutical products. To deepen our understanding of the tablet manufacturing process, multivariable modeling techniques can replace univariate analysis to investigate tablet manufacturing. In this review, the roles of the most prominent multivariate modeling techniques in the tablet manufacturing process are discussed. The review mainly focuses on applying multivariate modeling techniques to process understanding, optimization, process monitoring, and process control within multiple unit operations. To minimize the errors in the process of modeling, good modeling practice (GMoP) was introduced into the pharmaceutical process. Furthermore, current progress in the continuous manufacturing of tablets and the role of multivariate modeling techniques in continuous manufacturing are introduced. In this review, information is provided to both researchers and manufacturers to improve tablet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Gongsen Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
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4
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Korasa K, Vrečer F. Overview of PAT process analysers applicable in monitoring of film coating unit operations for manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:278-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Becker K, Salar-Behzadi S, Zimmer A. Solvent-free melting techniques for the preparation of lipid-based solid oral formulations. Pharm Res 2015; 32:1519-45. [PMID: 25788447 PMCID: PMC4381087 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid excipients are applied for numerous purposes such as taste masking, controlled release, improvement of swallowability and moisture protection. Several melting techniques have evolved in the last decades. Common examples are melt coating, melt granulation and melt extrusion. The required equipment ranges from ordinary glass beakers for lab scale up to large machines such as fluid bed coaters, spray dryers or extruders. This allows for upscaling to pilot or production scale. Solvent free melt processing provides a cost-effective, time-saving and eco-friendly method for the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review intends to give a critical overview of the published literature on experiences, formulations and challenges and to show possibilities for future developments in this promising field. Moreover, it should serve as a guide for selecting the best excipients and manufacturing techniques for the development of a product with specific properties using solvent free melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Member of BioTechMed, Universitätplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Member of BioTechMed, Universitätplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Gala U, Chauhan H. Principles and applications of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:187-206. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.981522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Gala
- 1Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- 2Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA ;
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7
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PAT-tools for process control in pharmaceutical film coating applications. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:527-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Nikowitz K, Folttmann F, Wirges M, Knop K, Pintye-Hódi K, Regdon G, Kleinebudde P. Development of a Raman method to follow the evolution of coating thickness of pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1005-10. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.795583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Shin K, Chung H. Wide area coverage Raman spectroscopy for reliable quantitative analysis and its applications. Analyst 2013; 138:3335-46. [PMID: 23636144 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies to improve sample representation in Raman measurement by covering a large area of a sample in spectral collection. Three different schemes have been mainly investigated to fulfill the goal: (1) averaging of Raman spectra collected at many different locations on a sample, (2) rotation of a sample during spectral collection and (3) simultaneous wide area illumination (WAI) for spectral collection. The use of a wide area illumination scheme, simultaneously illuminating a laser over a large area for spectral acquisition without any further assistance such as sample rotation, has increased in diverse fields. Applications employing the WAI scheme in pharmaceutical, polymer/chemical/petrochemical and other areas are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
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Kann B, Windbergs M. Chemical imaging of drug delivery systems with structured surfaces-a combined analytical approach of confocal raman microscopy and optical profilometry. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:505-10. [PMID: 23358922 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Confocal Raman microscopy is an analytical technique with a steadily increasing impact in the field of pharmaceutics as the instrumental setup allows for nondestructive visualization of component distribution within drug delivery systems. Here, the attention is mainly focused on classic solid carrier systems like tablets, pellets, or extrudates. Due to the opacity of these systems, Raman analysis is restricted either to exterior surfaces or cross sections. As Raman spectra are only recorded from one focal plane at a time, the sample is usually altered to create a smooth and even surface. However, this manipulation can lead to misinterpretation of the analytical results. Here, we present a trendsetting approach to overcome these analytical pitfalls with a combination of confocal Raman microscopy and optical profilometry. By acquiring a topography profile of the sample area of interest prior to Raman spectroscopy, the profile height information allowed to level the focal plane to the sample surface for each spectrum acquisition. We first demonstrated the basic principle of this complementary approach in a case study using a tilted silica wafer. In a second step, we successfully adapted the two techniques to investigate an extrudate and a lyophilisate as two exemplary solid drug carrier systems. Component distribution analysis with the novel analytical approach was neither hampered by the curvature of the cylindrical extrudate nor the highly structured surface of the lyophilisate. Therefore, the combined analytical approach bears a great potential to be implemented in diversified fields of pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Kann
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Campus A4.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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