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Serrano-García I, Saavedra Morillas C, Beiro-Valenzuela MG, Monasterio R, Hurtado-Fernández E, González-Fernández JJ, Hormaza JI, Pedreschi R, Olmo-García L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Uncovering phytochemicals quantitative evolution in avocado fruit mesocarp during ripening: A targeted LC-MS metabolic exploration of Hass, Fuerte and Bacon varieties. Food Chem 2024; 459:140334. [PMID: 38981379 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Avocado ripening entails intricate physicochemical transformations resulting in desirable characteristics for consumption; however, its impact on specific metabolites and its cultivar dependence remains largely unexplored. This study employed LC-MS to quantitatively monitor 30 avocado pulp metabolites, including phenolic compounds, amino acids, nucleosides, vitamins, phytohormones, and related compounds, from unripe to overripe stages, in three commercial varieties (Hass, Fuerte, and Bacon). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant metabolic variations between cultivars, leading to the identification of potential varietal markers. Most monitored metabolites exhibited dynamic quantitative changes. Although phenolic compounds generally increased during ripening, exceptions such as epicatechin and chlorogenic acid were noted. Amino acids and derivatives displayed a highly cultivar-dependent evolution, with Fuerte demonstrating the highest concentrations and most pronounced fluctuations. In contrast to penstemide, uridine and abscisic acid levels consistently increased during ripening. Several compounds characteristic of the Bacon variety were delineated but require further research for identification and role elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Serrano-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Saavedra Morillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Gemma Beiro-Valenzuela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Romina Monasterio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), UNCuyo - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5505, Argentina
| | - Elena Hurtado-Fernández
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Loyola, Campus Sevilla, Avda. de las Universidades S/N, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Spain
| | - José Jorge González-Fernández
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Hormaza
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Lucía Olmo-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Camacho-Vázquez C, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Reyes-Soria FA, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Guerrero-Analco JA, Juarez-Escobar J, Velázquez-López O, Meza-Menchaca T, Bojórquez-Velázquez E, Zamora-Briseño JA, Ramirez-Vazquez M, González Barrenechea GA, Ibarra-Laclette E, Ruiz-May E. Towards Characterization of Hass Avocado Peel and Pulp Proteome during Postharvest Shelf Life. Proteomes 2024; 12:28. [PMID: 39449500 PMCID: PMC11503343 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, avocados have gained worldwide popularity as a nutritive food. This trend is causing a rise in the production of this fruit, which is accompanied by several problems associated with monocultural practices. Despite massive economic gains, limited molecular and structural information has been generated about avocado ripening. In fact, limited studies have attempted to unravel the proteome complexity dynamics of avocado fruit. We therefore conducted a comparative proteomics study on avocado peel and pulp during the postharvest shelf life using tandem mass tag synchronous precursor selection triple-stage mass spectrometry. We identified 3161 and 1128 proteins in the peel and pulp, respectively. Peels exhibited major over-accumulation of proteins associated with water deprivation and oxidative stress, along with abscisic acid biosynthesis. Ethylene, jasmonic acid, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were activated. Structurally, we observed the accumulation of lignin and a reduction in cuticular thickness, which coincides with the reduction in the levels of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase and a marginal increase in 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Our study sheds light on the association of proteome modulation with the structural features of Hass avocado. Its detailed characterization will provide an alternative for better preservation during the postharvest period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Camacho-Vázquez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - José Miguel Elizalde-Contreras
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Francisco Antonio Reyes-Soria
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Juan Luis Monribot-Villanueva
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - José Antonio Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Janet Juarez-Escobar
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Zona Universitaria, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
| | - Olinda Velázquez-López
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Thuluz Meza-Menchaca
- Laboratorio de Genómica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos S/N, Col. Unidad del Bosque, Xalapa 91010, Mexico;
| | - Esaú Bojórquez-Velázquez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Monica Ramirez-Vazquez
- Unidad de Microscopía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Edificio “A” PB, Circuito Interior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (C.C.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (F.A.R.-S.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.); (O.V.-L.); (E.B.-V.); (J.A.Z.-B.); (E.I.-L.)
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Saini H, Panthri M, Rout B, Pandey A, Gupta M. Iono-metabolomic guided elucidation of arsenic induced physiological and metabolic dynamics in wheat genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122040. [PMID: 37328127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing concerns about arsenic (As) toxicity, information on wheat adaptability in such an aggravating environment is limited. Thus, the present investigation based on an iono-metabolomic approach is aimed to decipher the response of wheat genotypes towards As toxicity. Wheat genotypes procured from natural conditions were characterized as high As-contaminated (Shri ram-303 and HD-2967) and low As-contaminated (Malviya-234 and DBW-17) based on ICP-MS As accumulation analysis. Reduced chlorophyll fluorescence attributes, grain yield and quality traits, and low grain nutrient status were accompanied by remarkable grain As accumulation in high As-contaminated genotypes, thus imposing a higher potential cancer risk and hazard quotient. Contrarily, in low As-contaminated genotypes, the richness of Zn, N, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Mg, and Ca could probably have supported less grain As accumulation, imparting better agronomic and grain quality traits. Additionally, from metabolomic analysis (LC-MS/MS and UHPLC), abundances of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, trans-ferrulic, cinnamic, caffeic, and syringic bestow Malviya-234 as the best edible wheat genotype. Further, the multivariate statistical analysis (HCA, PCA, and PLS-DA) revealed certain other key metabolites (rutin, nobletin, myricetin, catechin, and naringenin) based genotypic discrimination that imparts strength to genotypes for better adaptation in harsh conditions. Out of the 5 metabolic pathways ascertained through topological analysis, the two main pathways vital for plant's metabolic adjustments in an As-induced environment were: 1. The alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway, and 2. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. This is also evident from network analysis, which stipulates amino acid metabolism as a prominent As regulatory factor closely associated with flavonoids and phenolics. Therefore, the present findings are useful for wheat breeding programs to develop As adaptive genotypes that are beneficial for crop improvement and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Saini
- Ecotoxicogenomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 25, India
| | - Medha Panthri
- Ecotoxicogenomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 25, India
| | - Biswaranjan Rout
- Plant Metabolic Engineering Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 67, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Metabolic Engineering Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 67, India
| | - Meetu Gupta
- Ecotoxicogenomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 25, India.
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Pedreschi R, Ponce E, Hernández I, Fuentealba C, Urbina A, González-Fernández JJ, Hormaza JI, Campos D, Chirinos R, Aguayo E. Short vs. Long-Distance Avocado Supply Chains: Life Cycle Assessment Impact Associated to Transport and Effect of Fruit Origin and Supply Conditions Chain on Primary and Secondary Metabolites. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121807. [PMID: 35742005 PMCID: PMC9222684 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avocado consumption and trade are increasing worldwide, with North America and Europe being the main importing regions. Spain is the major European avocado producer (90% of the production), yet it only supplies 10% of the market. Consequently, more than 90% of the avocados consumed in Europe are imported from overseas, mainly from Chile and Peru. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) impact associated with the transport of two avocado supply chains (short (Spanish) and long (Chilean)) and the effect of the fruit origin and distance of both chains on primary and secondary metabolites from harvest to edible ripeness were evaluated using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (LC-DAD) based metabolite analysis. The LCA transport impact of the fresh supply chain from production centers in Chile (Quillota) and Spain (Malaga), and then the distribution to several cities in Europe, suggested road export from Spain to European capitals to have the lowest impact (0.14 to 0.22 kg CO2 eq/kg of avocado). When export from Chile was considered, the option of oceanic freight to European ports closer to final destinations was clearly a better option (0.21 to 0.26 kg CO2 eq/kg) than via the Algeciras port in Spain followed by road transport to final destinations in European capitals (0.34 to 0.43 kg CO2 eq/kg), although the situation could be somewhat different if the avocados are transported from the destination ports in northern Europe to long-distance capitals in other European countries. Fruit origin had a significant impact on avocado primary and secondary metabolites. The conditions of the supply chain itself (10 d in cold storage in regular conditions vs. 30 d cold storage + controlled atmosphere conditions) largely influence the fate of some metabolites that certainly affect the pool of metabolites at edible ripeness. The long-assumed hypothesis that the longer the supply chain the more negative impact on nutritional and functional compounds might not hold in this case, as long as transport conditions are adequate in terms of temperature, atmosphere conditions, and time considering distance from origin to destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Pedreschi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (E.P.); (I.H.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.A.)
| | - Excequel Ponce
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (E.P.); (I.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Ignacia Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (E.P.); (I.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudia Fuentealba
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (E.P.); (I.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Antonio Urbina
- Department of Electronics, Computer Technology and Projects, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain;
| | - Jose J. González-Fernández
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain; (J.J.G.-F.); (J.I.H.)
| | - Jose I. Hormaza
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain; (J.J.G.-F.); (J.I.H.)
| | - David Campos
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (IBT-UNALM), Av. La Molina s/n, Lima 12056, Peru; (D.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosana Chirinos
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (IBT-UNALM), Av. La Molina s/n, Lima 12056, Peru; (D.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Encarna Aguayo
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group and Quality and Health Group, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica (ETSIA) and Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.A.)
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Serrano-García I, Hurtado-Fernández E, Gonzalez-Fernandez JJ, Hormaza JI, Pedreschi R, Reboredo-Rodríguez P, Figueiredo-González M, Olmo-García L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Prolonged on-tree maturation vs. cold storage of Hass avocado fruit: Changes in metabolites of bioactive interest at edible ripeness. Food Chem 2022; 394:133447. [PMID: 35717919 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When the recipient of the product is relatively distant from the production area, it is necessary to use cold storage and controlled humidity to transport the avocado fruits. One of the main advantages of local avocado consumption lies on the possibility of prolonging on-tree maturation; this could foreseeably modify the metabolic profile of the fruit that reaches the consumer. In this work, the effect of prolonged on tree maturation (during different time intervals) on the final composition of avocado fruit (at edible ripeness) was evaluated and compared with the impact of the same periods after prolonged cold storage. The quantitative evolution of nine bioactive metabolites (7 phenolic compounds, pantothenic and abscisic acids) over 40 days (10-days intervals) was studied by using a solid-liquid extraction protocol and a LC-MS methodology. The results were discussed both considering the quantitative evolution of each individual compound and the sum of all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Serrano-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Hurtado-Fernández
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council, C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jorge Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Hormaza
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Escuela de Agronomía, Calle San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile
| | - Patricia Reboredo-Rodríguez
- Food and Health Omics. Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - María Figueiredo-González
- Food and Health Omics. Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Lucía Olmo-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Controlled Atmosphere Storage Alleviates Hass Avocado Black Spot Disorder. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As it was previously reported, black spot development in the skin of Hass avocado has been related to a decreased antioxidant defense system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different postharvest storage conditions on controlling black spot development targeting their effect on the antioxidant system (non-enzymatic and enzymatic) of the skin. Four postharvest treatments (T1: regular air storage (RA) at 5 °C for 40 d; T2: controlled atmosphere storage (CA) of 4 kPa O2 and 6 kPa CO2 at 5 °C for 40 d; T3: 10 d RA + 30 d CA and T4: 5 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 30 s + 10 RA + 30 d CA) were tested on controlling black spot incidence in fruit from six orchards from different agroclimatic zones and harvests. Then, on two selected orchards and harvests, the evolution of total phenolics (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AC) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)) was monitored. Results revealed that incidence of black spot disorder was not associated to an agroclimatic zone and harvest stage. Immediate application of CA (T2) controlled black spot development during prolonged storage (40 d) and under these conditions TPC content remained higher compared to the other treatments. No clear role of CAT, PPO, SOD, POD and PAL on controlling black spot was observed. The results obtained are of value for the Hass avocado supply chain since a clear performance of CA was evidenced that will result in reduction of postharvest losses associated to this problem.
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