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Cui WJ, Li RH, Chen XL, Xia ZM, Liu SF, Li M, Chen L, Tian Y, Li B, Zhang GJ, Liu SC, Wang L. A review on triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bung. Carbohydr Res 2024; 539:109120. [PMID: 38669825 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, also known as Tu-Mu-Gua and Wen-Dan-Ge-Zi, has several applications. Clinical data and experimental studies have shown anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge that inhibits prostate hyperplasia, lowers blood pressure and lipid level, and treats enuresis and urinary incontinence. It also has neuroprotective effects and can treat Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome. The research on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge has been increasing. Triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins are the main constituents in Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge and exhibit biological activities. In this review, we summarized the research progress on triterpenoids and their glycosides in Xanthoceras sorbifolia, including the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and biogenic pathways of triterpenoid mother nucleus. The results would provide a reference for further research and development of triterpenoids and their glycosides in Xanthoceras sorbifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jin Cui
- Beijing University of Technology, BeiJing, 100124, China; Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Rui-Hong Li
- Beijing University of Technology, BeiJing, 100124, China; Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Zi-Ming Xia
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Si-Fan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Min Li
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Bin Li
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China.
| | - Shu-Chen Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing University of Technology, BeiJing, 100124, China; Beijing Institute of Radition Medicine, People's Republic of China Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BeiJing, 100850, China.
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Hodgins CL, Salama EM, Kumar R, Zhao Y, Roth SA, Cheung IZ, Chen J, Arganosa GC, Warkentin TD, Bhowmik P, Ham B, Ro D. Creating saponin-free yellow pea seeds by CRISPR/Cas9-enabled mutagenesis on β-amyrin synthase. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e563. [PMID: 38222934 PMCID: PMC10784647 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Dry pea (Pisum sativum) seeds are valuable sources of plant protein, dietary fiber, and starch, but their uses in food products are restricted to some extent due to several off-flavor compounds. Saponins are glycosylated triterpenoids and are a major source of bitter, astringent, and metallic off-flavors in pea products. β-amyrin synthase (BAS) is the entry point enzyme for saponin biosynthesis in pea and therefore is an ideal target for knock-out using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to produce saponin deficient pea varieties. Here, in an elite yellow pea cultivar (CDC Inca), LC/MS analysis identified embryo tissue, not seed coat, as the main location of saponin storage in pea seeds. Differential expression analysis determined that PsBAS1 was preferentially expressed in embryo tissue relative to seed coat and was selected for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of PsBAS1 was systematically optimized in pea hairy roots. From these optimization procedures, the AtU6-26 promoter was found to be superior to the CaMV35S promoter for gRNA expression, and the use of 37°C was determined to increase the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. These promoter and culture conditions were then applied to stable transformations. As a result, a bi-allelic mutation (deletion and inversion mutations) was generated in the PsBAS1 coding sequence in a T1 plant, and the segregated psbas1 plants from the T2 population showed a 99.8% reduction of saponins in their seeds. Interestingly, a small but statistically significant increase (~12%) in protein content with a slight decrease (~5%) in starch content was observed in the psbas1 mutants under phytotron growth conditions. This work demonstrated that flavor-improved traits can be readily introduced in any pea cultivar of interest using CRISPR/Cas9. Further field trials and sensory tests for improved flavor are necessary to assess the practical implications of the saponin-free pea seeds in food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor L. Hodgins
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Eman M. Salama
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Yang Zhao
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Susan A. Roth
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Irene Z. Cheung
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Jieyu Chen
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Gene C. Arganosa
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Pankaj Bhowmik
- Aquatic and Crop Resource DevelopmentNational Research Council of CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Byung‐Kook Ham
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Dae‐Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Nam DG, Yang HS, Bae UJ, Park E, Choi AJ, Choe JS. The Cactus ( Opuntia ficus-indica) Cladodes and Callus Extracts: A Study Combined with LC-MS Metabolic Profiling, In-Silico, and In-Vitro Analyses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1329. [PMID: 37507869 PMCID: PMC10376840 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica (OF) phytochemicals have received considerable attention because of their health benefits. However, the structure-activity relationship between saponin and flavonoid antioxidant compounds among secondary metabolites has rarely been reported. In a molecular docking study, selected compounds from both Opuntia ficus-indica callus (OFC) and OF ethanol extract were found to be involved in Toll-like receptor 4 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. High affinity was specific for MAPK, and it was proposed to inhibit the oxidative and inflammatory responses with poricoic acid H (-8.3 Kcal/mol) and rutin (-9.0 Kcal/mol). The pro-inflammatory cytokine factors at a concentration of 200 μg/mL were LPS-stimulated TNF-α (OFC 72.33 ng/mL, OF 66.78 ng/mL) and IL-1β (OFC 49.10 pg/mL, OF 34.45 pg/mL), both of which significantly decreased OF (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Taken together, increased NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in cells pretreated with OFC and the OF extract (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that OFC and OF have important potential as natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents in health-promoting foods and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Geon Nam
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Yang
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui-Jin Bae
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Jin Choi
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Choe
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
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Saeed Z, Alkheraije KA. Botanicals: A promising approach for controlling cecal coccidiosis in poultry. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157633. [PMID: 37180056 PMCID: PMC10168295 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian species have long struggled with the problem of coccidiosis, a disease that affects various parts of the intestine, including the anterior gut, midgut, and hindgut. Among different types of coccidiosis, cecal coccidiosis is particularly dangerous to avian species. Chickens and turkeys are commercial flocks; thus, their parasites have remained critical due to their economic importance. High rates of mortality and morbidity are observed in both chickens and turkeys due to cecal coccidiosis. Coccidiostats and coccidiocidal chemicals have traditionally been added to feed and water to control coccidiosis. However, after the EU banned their use because of issues of resistance and public health, alternative methods are being explored. Vaccines are also being used, but their efficacy and cost-effectiveness remain as challenges. Researchers are attempting to find alternatives, and among the alternatives, botanicals are a promising choice. Botanicals contain multiple active compounds such as phenolics, saponins, terpenes, sulfur compounds, etc., which can kill sporozoites and oocysts and stop the replication of Eimeria. These botanicals are primarily used as anticoccidials due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Because of the medicinal properties of botanicals, some commercial products have also been developed. However, further research is needed to confirm their pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and methods of concentrated preparation. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the plants that have the potential to act as anticoccidials and to explain the mode of action of different compounds found within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Saeed
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Marques MEM, de Carvalho AC, Yendo ACA, Magedans YVS, Zachert E, Fett-Neto AG. Phytotoxicity of Quillaja lancifolia Leaf Saponins and Their Bioherbicide Potential. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:663. [PMID: 36771747 PMCID: PMC9919483 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Weeds are major threats to the integrity of agricultural and natural environments due to their invasive and competing potential. Bioherbicides are substances based on natural compounds that are biodegradable and often have low residual effects. Plant species able to produce and release phytotoxic compounds may represent effective bioherbicide sources. Leaves of Quillaja lancifolia D.Don (formerly Q. brasiliensis (A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Mart.) produce water-soluble specialized metabolites of the saponin class that could be evaluated for phytotoxic activity and potential as natural herbicides. This study was conducted to examine the impacts of Q. lancifolia total saponins aqueous extract (AE) at 4 and 10% (w/v) and of two combined reverse-phase chromatography purified saponin fractions (QB) at 1 and 2% (w/v) on morpho-physiological parameters of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) in pre- and post-emergence bioassays. QB was only tested in pre-emergence assays. In pre-emergence bioassays, the germination rate and germination kinetics were determined. Post-emergence evaluations included effects on seedling morphology, root and shoot length, dry mass, and chlorophyll content. Osmotic potential and pH analyses ruled out roles for these factors in the observed responses. AE had a high inhibitory impact on the germination of both lettuce and barnyardgrass. QB at 1% and 2% (w/v) significantly decreased the growth of lettuce seedlings germinated in its presence by more than 10-fold. Phytotoxic effects on the post-emergence growth of lettuce, especially at the highest concentration tested of AE (10% w/v), was also observed. The presence of quillaic acid-based triterpene saponins in AE and QB was confirmed using different analytical methods. Therefore, both saponin-enriched fraction and aqueous extracts of Q. lancifolia inhibited tested plant growth and development. The water solubility of saponins and the availability of a sustainable source of these molecules from the leaves of cultivated young Q. lancifolia plants make them attractive candidates for use as bioherbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. M. Marques
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana C. de Carvalho
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Anna C. A. Yendo
- Arborea Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology Start Up Incubator (IECBiot), UFRGS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Yve V. S. Magedans
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliane Zachert
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur G. Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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