1
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Gong C, Zheng H, Huang P, Xu L, Su Y, Zheng W, Zhao Y. Supercritical CO 2 Foaming of Lightweight Polyolefin Elastomer/ trans-Polyoctylene Rubber Composite Foams with Extra-Soft and Anti-Shrinkage Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Gong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Linqiong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaozhuo Su
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
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2
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Characterization of rheological behavior and barrier property of PET bottle blended with silica–polystyrene nanocomposites. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Yang X, Pei XL, Xu JJ, Yang ZP, Gong W, Zhong JC. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites. E-POLYMERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The foamed polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by injection molding process. Fourier’s law and software were used to calculate and simulate the internal temperature distribution of PP composites, respectively, and the influence of the temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed PP composites was further analyzed. The result showed that the calculative and simulated results of temperature distribution in different thermal transfer directions had great reproducibility. In different isothermal planes, the temperature from the nozzle to the dynamic mold gradually decreased. The isothermal plane with a temperature of 370.36 K had a better foaming quality, average diameter of cell and cell density were 28.46 µm and 3.7 × 1010 cells·cm−3, respectively. In different regions of the same isothermal plane, the temperature gradually decreased from the center to the edge. The foaming quality in the region (c) at a temperature of 335.86 K was ideal, and the average diameter of cell and the cell density were 26.5 µm and 2.39 × 1010 cells·cm−3, respectively. This work could provide prediction for improving the foaming quality of foamed polyolefin composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Xiang-lin Pei
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Jia-jie Xu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Zhi-peng Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials , Guiyang 550025 , China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Jin-cheng Zhong
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
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4
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Zuo K, Li K, Yun Z, He G, Islam SR, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chen J. Microcellular foaming and mechanical properties of iPP-iPPF using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Zuo K, Xu J, Xie S, Zhang S, Hou J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chen J. Microcellular foaming and mechanical properties of iPPF reinforced PPR composites. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Mechanical and Adsorptive Properties of Foamed EVA-Modified Polypropylene/Bamboo Charcoal Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061524. [PMID: 33804695 PMCID: PMC8003926 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its excellent adsorption and humidity control function, bamboo charcoal (BC) has often been mixed with polypropylene (PP) to produce PP/BC composites for interior paneling applications. However, due to the poor foaming quality of PP, PP/BC composites suffer as a result of their high density, which limits their scope of use. Here, to improve its foaming quality, PP was modified with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and then the EVA-modified PP (E-PP) was mixed with different contents of BC (0 wt.%–50 wt.%), as well as foaming agent (Azodicarbonamide, AC) and its auxiliaries (ZnO, Znst), in a twin-screw extruder, followed by hot-pressing at high temperature to obtain foamed E-PP/BC composites. The resulting composites showed good porosity and pore distribution with an increase of BC content by up to 20%. Further increase in the BC content seemed to cause the foaming performance to decrease significantly. The product density and adsorption rate increased, while the mechanical strength decreased with increasing BC content. At a BC content of 40 wt.%, the foamed E-PP/BC composite showed the best combined performance, with a density of 0.90 g/cm3, 24-h formaldehyde adsorption rate of 0.48, and bending strength of 11.59 MPa.
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7
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Tsagdi A, Drossos I, Georgiou D, Exarhopoulos S, Karasiotas G, Kallitsis JK, Kalogianni EP. Injection Molded PP Foams Using Food Ingredients for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020288. [PMID: 33477424 PMCID: PMC7830478 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach to the creation of polypropylene (PP) based foaming materials was developed using food grade foaming agents that were coated on the PP pellets. More specifically, sodium bicarbonate and organic acids were used to coat PP pellets using either polyethyleneoxide (PEO) or lipid esters as coating stabilizers. In order to overcome the problem of the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate at temperatures lower than the PP melting temperature, which makes the direct foaming during melt mixing impossible, the proposed methodology was proved quite efficient. Thus, new PP masterbatches were prepared, where the foaming agents were incorporated as coating at PP pellets at contents up to 10%, and initially used in Lab scale injection machines in order to find the best combination of materials that resulted in the production of foamed articles. Subsequently selected material combinations were tested in an industrial scale injection molding machine, where an optimization of the injection parameters was attempted. The outcome of this was the production of PP articles with significantly increased void fraction, up to 14%, decreased thermal conductivity, up to 20%, and various pore sizes as was observed via microscopic examination using SEM and CLSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Tsagdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Ioannis Drossos
- Thrace Plastics Pack S.A., Member of Thrace Group Companies, GR-67100 Magiko Xanthi, Greece; (I.D.); (G.K.)
| | - Despoina Georgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece; (D.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Stylianos Exarhopoulos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece; (D.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Georgios Karasiotas
- Thrace Plastics Pack S.A., Member of Thrace Group Companies, GR-67100 Magiko Xanthi, Greece; (I.D.); (G.K.)
| | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Eleni P. Kalogianni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece; (D.G.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-013907
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8
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Muñoz‐Pascual S, Saiz‐Arroyo C, Vananroye A, Moldenaers P, Rodriguez‐Perez MA. Effect of the elastomer viscosity on the morphology and impact behavior of injection molded foams based on blends of polypropylene and polyolefin elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Muñoz‐Pascual
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat) Condesed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | | | - Anja Vananroye
- Soft Matter Rheology and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Paula Moldenaers
- Soft Matter Rheology and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Miguel Angel Rodriguez‐Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat) Condesed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain
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9
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Cadete MS, Gomes TEP, Carvalho PJ, Neto VF. Polymeric foams from recycled thermoplastic poly(ethylene terephthalate). J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20948562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the increase use of plastics, there is currently a concern with the waste of materials, resulting in a series of challenges and opportunities for the waste management sector. In the present work, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foam was produced from recycled PET (RPET) from used water bottles. The recycled material was manually prepared and foamed in batches with the assistance of nitrogen gas as the physical blowing agent. RPET was characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The influence of the pressure on the foam formation was studied and the results obtained showed that this variable influences the final product characteristics. To evaluate the behavior of the foams, their morphology, response to deformation when subject to compression and their thermal conductivities were studied. The morphology analysis showed that operating at higher-pressure results in bigger pore size but also in an increased pore size heterogeneous distribution, and foams that exhibit a higher thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene S Cadete
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago EP Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor F Neto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Characterization and Model Validation for Large Format Chopped Fiber, Foamed, Composite Structures Made from Recycled Olefin Based Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061371. [PMID: 32570766 PMCID: PMC7361956 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to predict the material performance of large format foamed core composite structures, such as crossties or structural timbers, using only constitutive properties. These structures are fabricated from recycled post-consumer/post-industrial waste composed of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Glass Filled Polypropylene (GFPP). A technical challenge in predicting the final part performance is the mathematical correlation between the microstructural variations and the macroscopic responses as a function of fiber aspect ratio, cell density, and constitutive properties of the polymer blend. The structures investigated have a dense and consolidated outer shell and a closed cell foamed core. The non-linear shell and the foamed core material properties are analyzed with micromechanics models, and the reference stress of the shell and core is predicted using a modified Rule of Mixtures model. The predicted properties are used as the inputs for a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model, and the computational results are compared to experimental four-point bend test results for sixteen samples performed on a 120-kip compression stage. The results show that the mean of the characterized deflections from the four-point bend tests did not show any variations for an isotropic and transversely isotropic model using a linear analysis. This model was then extended to a non-linear analysis using the Ramberg–Osgood model to predict the full crosstie four-point bend test behavior. The FEA model results show a deviation of 2.45 kN compared to the experimental variation of 3.58 kN between the samples measured.
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11
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Rusakov D, Menner A, Bismarck A. High-Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000110. [PMID: 32363705 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous, low-density polyetheretherketone, polyetherketoneketone, and polyetherimide foams are produced using a high-temperature, thermally induced phase separation method. A high-boiling-point solvent, which is suitable to dissolve at least 20 wt% of these high-performance polymers at temperatures above 250 °C, is identified. The foam morphology is controlled by the cooling procedure. The resulting polymer foams have porosities close to 80% with surface areas up to 140 m2 g-1 and elastic moduli up to 97 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Rusakov
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Angelika Menner
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Foams with Enhanced Ductility and Impact Behavior Based on Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040943. [PMID: 32325658 PMCID: PMC7240545 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, formulations based on composites of a linear polypropylene (L-PP), a long-chain branched polypropylene (LCB-PP), a polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-MA), a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS), glass fibers (GF), and halloysite nanotubes (HNT-QM) have been foamed by using the improved compression molding route (ICM), obtaining relative densities of about 0.62. The combination of the inclusion of elastomer and rigid phases with the use of the LCB-PP led to foams with a better cellular structure, an improved ductility, and considerable values of the elastic modulus. Consequently, the produced foams presented simultaneously an excellent impact performance and a high stiffness with respect to their corresponding solid counterparts.
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13
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Noh SH, Park H, Eom W, Lee HB, Kang DJ, Cho JY, Sung TH, Han TH. Graphene Foam Cantilever Produced via Simultaneous Foaming and Doping Effect of an Organic Coagulant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10763-10771. [PMID: 31985203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the role of cellular structures, which give three-dimensional robustness to graphene structures, a new type of graphene cantilever with mechanical resilience is introduced. Here, NH4SCN is incorporated into graphene oxide (GO) gel using it as a coagulant for GO fiber self-assembly, a foaming agent, and a dopant. Subsequent thermal treatment of the GO fiber at 600 °C results in the evolution of gaseous species from NH4SCN, yielding internally porous graphene cantilevers (NS-GF cantilevers). The results reveal that NS-GF cantilevers are doped with N and S and thus exhibit higher electrical conductivity (150 S cm-1) than that of their nonporous counterparts (38.4 S cm-1). Unlike conventional fibers, the NS-GF cantilevers exhibit mechanical resilience by bending under applied mechanical force but reverting to the original position upon release. The tip of the NS-GF cantilevers is coated with magnetic Fe3O4 particles, and fast mechanical movement is achieved by applying the magnetic field. Since the NS-GF cantilevers are highly conductive and elastic, they are employed as bendable, magnetodriven electrical switches that could precisely read on/off signals for >10 000 cycles. Our approach suggests a robust fabrication strategy to prepare highly electroconductive and mechanically elastic foam structures by introducing unique organic foaming agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Noh
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wonsik Eom
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Bong Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Kang
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Cho
- Department of Electrical Bio-Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Sung
- Department of Electrical Bio-Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Han
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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14
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Cardea S, De Marco I. Cellulose Acetate and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Membranes, Nanoparticles, Microparticles and Nanostructured Filaments. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010162. [PMID: 31936324 PMCID: PMC7023498 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) is a very versatile biocompatible polymer used in various industrial sectors. Therefore, depending on the application, different morphologies are required. Different processes at industrial scale are commonly employed to obtain CA micro or nanoparticles (discontinuous structures) or CA membranes (continuous structures with discontinuities). In this work, two supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) based techniques, such as the semi-continuous supercritical antisolvent process (SAS) and the supercritical fluid phase inversion process, in which scCO2 plays the role of antisolvent, were employed. Varying the kind of organic solvent used to prepare the polymeric solution, the polymer concentration, and operating pressure and temperature, it was possible to tune the characteristics of the obtained material. In particular, using acetone as the organic solvent, filaments constituted by nanoparticles, expanded microparticles, nanoparticles with a mean diameter lower than 80 nm, and microporous membranes were obtained, varying the operating conditions. The attainment of spherical micron-sized particles was instead achieved using a mixture of acetone and DMSO as the organic solvent. Therefore, the versatility of the supercritical carbon dioxide-based techniques has been confirmed, and it was possible to obtain, using a single experimental plant, various morphologies of cellulose acetate (with controllable particles' or pores' diameters) by varying the operating conditions.
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15
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Antunes M, Velasco JI. Polymeric Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071179. [PMID: 31336996 PMCID: PMC6680933 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have boosted the development of more efficient materials, with emerging sectors (electronics, energy, aerospace, among others) demanding novel materials to fulfill the complex technical requirements of their products [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Antunes
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC·Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC·Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Zhu Y, Luo G, Zhang R, Liu Q, Sun Y, Zhang J, Shen Q, Zhang L. Investigation of the Constitutive Model of W/PMMA Composite Microcellular Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071136. [PMID: 31277266 PMCID: PMC6680754 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the constitutive relationship of a material can provide better understanding of the mechanical properties of a material and has an irreplaceable effect on optimizing the performance of a material. This paper investigated a constitutive model for tungsten/polymethyl-methacrylate (W/PMMA) composite microcellular foams prepared by using melt mixing and supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. The stress-strain relationships of these foams with different W contents were measured under static compression. The elastic modulus and compressive strength values of the foams were remarkably greater than those of the pure PMMA foams: at a W content of 20 wt %, these values were increased by 269.1% and 123.9%, respectively. Based on the Maxwell constitutive model, the relevant coefficients were fitted according to the experimental data of different relative densities and W contents in quasi-static compression. According to the numerical relationships between the relevant coefficients and the relative densities and W contents, the quasi-static mechanical constitutive model of W/PMMA composite microcellular foams with W contents of 0~60 wt % and relative densities of 0.15~0.55 were predicted. This study provided basic data for the optimal design of the W/PMMA composite microcellular foams and proposed a method for investigating the mechanical properties of composite microcellular foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lianmeng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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17
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Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060953. [PMID: 31159423 PMCID: PMC6631771 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams have low density, good heat insulation, good sound insulation effects, high specific strength, and high corrosion resistance, and are widely used in civil and industrial applications. In this paper, the classification of polymer foams, principles of the foaming process, types of blowing agents, and raw materials of polymer foams are reviewed. The research progress of various foaming methods and the current problems and possible solutions are discussed in detail.
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18
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Muñoz-Pascual S, Lopez-Gonzalez E, Saiz-Arroyo C, Rodriguez-Perez MA. Effect of Mold Temperature on the Impact Behavior and Morphology of Injection Molded Foams Based on Polypropylene Polyethylene⁻Octene Copolymer Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050894. [PMID: 31096687 PMCID: PMC6572697 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, an isotactic polypropylene (PP) and a polyethylene–octene copolymer (POE) have been blended and injection-molded, obtaining solids and foamed samples with a relative density of 0.76. Different mold temperature and injection temperature were used. The Izod impact strength was measured. For solids, higher mold temperature increased the impact resistance, whereas in foams, the opposite trend was observed. In order to understand the reasons of this behavior, the morphology of the elastomeric phase, the crystalline morphology and the cellular structure have been studied. The presence of the elastomer near the skin in the case of high mold temperature can explain the improvement produced with a high mold temperature in solids. For foams, aspects as the elastomer coarsening in the core of the sample or the presence of a thicker solid skin are the critical parameters that justify the improved behavior of the materials produced with a lower mold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Lopez-Gonzalez
- Cellular Laboratory (CellMat), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
- CellMat Technologies S.L., Paseo de Belen 9-A (CTTA Building), 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Saiz-Arroyo
- CellMat Technologies S.L., Paseo de Belen 9-A (CTTA Building), 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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