1
|
Nolasco A, Squillante J, Velotto S, D’Auria G, Ferranti P, Mamone G, Errico ME, Avolio R, Castaldo R, De Luca L, Romano R, Esposito F, Cirillo T. Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach. Foods 2024; 13:1044. [PMID: 38611351 PMCID: PMC11011278 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing population, food demand, waste management concerns, and the search for sustainable alternatives to plastic polymers have led researchers to explore the potential of waste materials. This study focused on a waste of pine nut processing referred to in this paper as pine nut skin. For the first time, its nutritional profile, potential bioactive peptide, contaminants, and morphological structure were assessed. Pine nut skin was composed mainly of carbohydrates (56.2%) and fiber (27.5%). The fat (9.8%) was about 45%, 35%, and 20% saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively, and Omega-9,-6, and -3 were detected. Notably, oleic acid, known for its health benefits, was found in significant quantities, resembling its presence in pine nut oil. The presence of bioactive compounds such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and phytosterols further adds to its nutritional value. Some essential elements were reported, whereas most of the contaminants such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, rare earth elements, and pesticides were below the limit of quantification. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed the occurrence of potential precursor peptides of bioactive compounds, indicating health-promoting attributes. Lastly, the morphological structural characterization of the pine nut skin was followed by Fourier Transform Infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopy to identify the major components, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The thermostability of the pine nut skin was monitored via thermogravimetric analysis, and the surface of the integument was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and volumetric nitrogen adsorption. This information provides a more comprehensive view of the potential uses of pine nut skin as a filler material for biocomposite materials. A full characterization of the by-products of the food chain is essential for their more appropriate reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Nolasco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Jonathan Squillante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Salvatore Velotto
- Department of Promotion of Human Sciences and the Quality of Life, University of Study of Roma “San Raffaele”, Via di Val Cannuta, 247-00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni D’Auria
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferranti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Mamone
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Rachele Castaldo
- Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Lucia De Luca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Raffaele Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Teresa Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anari ES, Soltanizadeh N, Fathi M. The potential of DBD plasma pretreatment for the isolation of micro- and nano-cellulose fibers from the walnut shells. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121692. [PMID: 38171697 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma as a pretreatment to extract micro and nano-cellulose fibers from walnut shells (WS). The powdered WS was subjected to plasma at 18 and 20 kV before undergoing sodium hydroxide alkaline, sodium chlorite bleaching, or both alkaline and bleaching treatments. A control sample was also prepared without plasma treatment. The extracted cellulose was then analyzed for extraction efficiency, chemical composition, color, crystallinity index, FTIR, thermal properties, microstructure, and surface composition. The results showed that the plasma pretreatment reduced the cellulose extraction efficiency from ∼26 % to ∼22 % which was accompanied by a decrease in the C-C/C-H and C-OH/C-O-C bonds. The 20 kV plasma pretreatment prior to both alkaline and bleaching treatments resulted in the conversion of microfibrils into nanofibrils, with an average diameter of 80 ± 10 nm. These changes in the fiber structure were likely caused by the disruption of hydrogen-bonding interactions in the plasma-treated samples, leading also to a reduction in crystallinity index. The plasma-treated sample exhibited a different weight loss pattern below 100 °C compared with the control, originating from changes in water absorption. Overall, the study demonstrated that plasma pretreatment can successfully produce micro and nano-cellulose fibers from WS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Sadat Anari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Soltanizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Milad Fathi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balasubramani V, Nagarajan KJ, Karthic M, Pandiyarajan R. Extraction of lignocellulosic fiber and cellulose microfibrils from agro waste-palmyra fruit peduncle: Water retting, chlorine-free chemical treatments, physio-chemical, morphological, and thermal characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129273. [PMID: 38211922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, lignocellulosic fibers and cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) were extracted from palmyra fruit peduncle waste and investigated as naturally derived cellulosic materials for their potential use as reinforcement materials in composite applications. The physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the extracted fiber were studied. Physical and morphological analysis results revealed an extracted fiber diameter of 82.5 μm with a very rough surface, providing excellent interfacial bonding performance with the polymer matrix. Chemical, mechanical, and thermal results showed that the fibers consist mainly of cellulose as their crystallized phase, with a cellulose content of 56.5 wt% and a tensile strength of 693.3 MPa, along with thermal stability up to 252 °C. The chemically extracted CMFs exhibit a short, rough-surfaced, cylindrical cellulose structure with a diameter range of 10-15 μm. These CMFs demonstrate excellent thermal stability, withstanding temperatures up to 330 °C. Furthermore, the formation of CMFs is evident from a substantial increase in the crystallinity index, which increased from 58.2 % in the raw fibers to 78.2 % in the CMFs. FT-IR analysis further confirms the successful removal of non-cellulosic materials through chlorine-free chemical treatments. These findings strongly support the potential use of extracted fibers and CMFs as reinforcement materials in polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Balasubramani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K J Nagarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Karthic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pandiyarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Agni College of Technology, Chennai 600 130, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khosravi F, Mohammadi S, Kosari-Nasab M, Asgharian P. The impact of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose on the antioxidant phenolic compounds level of the cultured Artemisia absinthium. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2692. [PMID: 38302508 PMCID: PMC10834404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Artemisia absinthium has long been used traditionally as an anti-microbial and antioxidant agent. Various biologically active secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and p-coumaric acid, have been reported from the species. In addition, growing the plants under in vitro conditions enriched with elicitors is a cost-effective approach to enhance secondary metabolite production. This paper examined microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) effects on morphological characteristics, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and volatile oil content of A. absinthium. The treated shoots with various concentrations of MCC and NCC were subjected to spectrophotometric, GC-MS, and LC-MS analysis. FESEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, and DLS methods were applied to characterize MCC and NCC properties. Morphological findings revealed that the stem length, dry, and fresh weights were improved significantly (P ≤ 0.05) under several MCC and NCC concentrations. Some treatments enhanced gallic and p-coumaric acid levels in the plant. Although 1.5 g/L of MCC treatment showed the highest antioxidant activity, all NCC treatments reduced the antioxidant effect. The findings suggest that both MCC and NCC, at optimized concentrations, could be exploited as elicitors to improve the secondary metabolite production and morphological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samin Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Kosari-Nasab
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Devarajan MM, Kumaraguruparan G, Nagarajan KJ, Vignesh C. Production of hybrid AgNPs - TEMPO-mediated oxidation cellulose composite from jackfruit peduncle agro-waste and its thermal management application in electronic devices. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127848. [PMID: 37924905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need for eco-friendly and cost-effective cellulose paper substrates in thermal management for biomedical electronic devices has driven the exploration of agro-waste materials. In this study, jackfruit peduncle waste was utilized as a precursor to produce a hybrid of AgNPs-tempo-mediated oxidation cellulose strands (AgNPs-TOCS) through acid hydrolysis, TEMPO oxidation, and an in-situ generation process. The resulting hybrid AgNPs-TOCS composite exhibited a cylindrical cellulose structure with a diameter of 27.3 μm, on which spherical AgNPs with a diameter of 16.3 nm were embedded. This hybrid AgNPs-TOCS displayed an impressive inhibition zone diameter against E. coli bacteria (15.2 nm) and exhibited excellent thermal stability up to 269 °C. Furthermore, the AgNPs-TOCS composite paper substrate was fabricated using non-solvent techniques, and its mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties were investigated. This composite paper substrate exhibits good tensile strength (65 ± 2 MPa), in-plane thermal conductivity (5.8 ± 0.2 W/(m·K)), and electrical resistivity (0.0575 KΩ·m). These findings strongly suggest that this type of composite paper substrate holds promise for applications in thermal management within the field of biomedical electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Devarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - G Kumaraguruparan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K J Nagarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - C Vignesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leow Y, Boo YJ, Lin M, Tan YC, Goh RZR, Zhu Q, Loh XJ, Xue K, Kai D. Coconut husk-derived nanocellulose as reinforcing additives in thermal-responsive hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121453. [PMID: 37940313 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has been widely used as a reinforcing agent for hydrogel systems, but its functions on thermal responsive hydrogels are rarely investigated. In this study, we extracted cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from coconut biomass (coir fibers and piths, respectively) and aimed to study their effects on the material properties on a new class of thermogel (poly(PCL/PEG/PPG urethane). The CNFs extracted from fiber (FF) and piths (FP) showed different morphology and fiber lengths. FF are uniformed individual fibrous networks with a fiber length of 664 ± 416 nm, while FP display a hybrid structure consisting of individual fiber and large bundles with a relative shorter fiber length of 443 ± 184 nm. Integrating both CNFs into thermogels remained the thermal-responsive characteristics with an enhanced rheological property. The results showed that gels with FF resulted in a higher storage modulus and lower Tan δ value compared to those with FP, indicating that the CNFs with a longer length could form a more intertwined network interacting with the thermogel matrix. Furthermore, we demonstrated the improved capabilities of the nanocomposite thermogels for sustained drug delivery in vitro. This study not only value-adds lignocellulose valorization but also elevates the versatility of thermogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Jian Boo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ying Chuan Tan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - Rubayn Zhi Rong Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore; Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Kun Xue
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore; Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khorasani AC, Satvati PR. Reusable cellulose-based biosorbents for efficient iodine adsorption by economic microcrystalline cellulose production from walnut shell. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128432. [PMID: 38013070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable management of walnut shell (WS) for the extraction of cellulose and preparation of cellulose-based biosorbents of iodine was carried out as a new approach to simultaneously solve the environmental challenge of agricultural solid waste and iodine-contaminated water. A rapid recyclable nitric acid treatment and NaOH-H2O2 alkaline-peroxide treatment of WS (33 % cellulose) extracted pure microcrystalline (Cac) and impure cellulose (Cal) with a 21.70 % and 47.37 % isolation yield, respectively. The techno-economic assessment of cellulose production showed a net profit of 9.02 $/kg for Cac, whereas it was estimated as negative for Cal. The simultaneous carbonization and magnetization of Cac at 550 °C resulted in an amorphous, magnetic cellulose-derived biochar (MB550Cac) with a BET specific surface area of 12.64 m2/g, decorated with scattered irregular Fe3O4 microparticles. The adsorption capacity of MB550Cac for iodine was 555.63 mg/g, which was lost only 17.45 % after six successful cycles of regeneration. Freundlich isotherm model sufficiently described the reversible iodine adsorption on the heterogenous surface. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. Further, the adsorption thermodynamics demonstrated spontaneous and favorable adsorption. These findings suggest the valorization of WS to commercially produce cellulose and MB550Cac as a sustainable, efficient biosorbent with a good application prospect in wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paria Razavi Satvati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pączkowski P. Properties of Eco-Friendly Composites Based on Post-Consumer Recycled Resin Filled with Walnut Shell Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4389. [PMID: 38006113 PMCID: PMC10674546 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased demand for environmentally friendly materials resulted in a worldwide interest in manufacturing composite materials from agricultural wastes. Thus, this paper presents the results of research on the synthesis of eco-friendly composites and their properties. For their preparation, unsaturated polyester resin based on post-consumer recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) was filled with walnut (Júglans régia L.) shell powder. After the filler incorporation, the deterioration of gloss and mechanical properties were observed. The flexural strength and modulus are significantly affected by the filler amount. Distilled water, 1% sodium hydroxide, toluene, and acetone were used as solvents in the chemical resistance test. Changes to the structure and properties of composites after 49 days of immersion in solvents were investigated. The immersion in water has no significant effect on the pure resin, but for its composites, the plasticizing effect of water was observed. The results show that all specimens show resistance toward toluene. In acetone, the resin and its composite shrink and fall into pieces, but the most destructive is an alkaline environment. After the immersion test, a huge increase in mass and a deterioration of gloss and mechanical properties were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Pączkowski
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thipchai P, Punyodom W, Jantanasakulwong K, Thanakkasaranee S, Hinmo S, Pratinthong K, Kasi G, Rachtanapun P. Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Bamboos and Their Application in Cassava Starch-Based Film. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2622. [PMID: 37376268 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose from different species of bamboo (Thyrsostachys siamesi Gamble, Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro (DSM), Bambusa logispatha, and Bambusa sp.) was converted to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by a chemical-mechanical method. First, bamboo fibers were pre-treated (removal of lignin and hemicellulose) to obtain cellulose. Next, the cellulose was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid using ultrasonication to obtain CNCs. The diameters of CNCs are in the range of 11-375 nm. The CNCs from DSM showed the highest yield and crystallinity, which was chosen in the film fabrication. The plasticized cassava starch-based films with various amounts (0-0.6 g) of CNCs (from DSM) were prepared and characterized. As the number of CNCs in cassava starch-based films increased, water solubility and the water vapor permeability of CNCs decreased. In addition, the atomic force microscope of the nanocomposite films showed that CNC particles were dispersed uniformly on the surface of cassava starch-based film at 0.2 and 0.4 g content. However, the number of CNCs at 0.6 g resulted in more CNC agglomeration in cassava starch-based films. The 0.4 g CNC in cassava starch-based film was found to have the highest tensile strength (4.2 MPa). Cassava starch-incorporated CNCs from bamboo film can be applied as a biodegradable packaging material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parichat Thipchai
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (International Program/Interdisciplinary), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sasina Hinmo
- Master of Science Program in Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanticha Pratinthong
- Master of Science Program in Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Gopinath Kasi
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ettadili FE, Aghris S, Laghrib F, Farahi A, Bakasse M, Lahrich S, Mhammedi MAEL. Electrochemical detection of ornidazole in commercial milk and water samples using an electrode based on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cellulose separated from Phoenix dactylifera seed. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124995. [PMID: 37236559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to the control of disease and the nutritional well-being of livestock. Antibiotics reach the environment via excretions (urine and feces) from human and domestic animals, through non proper disposal or handling of unused drugs. The present study describes a green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) using cellulose extracted from Phoenix dactylifera seed powder via mechanical stirrer method for the electroanalytical determination of ornidazole (ODZ) in milk and water samples. The cellulose extract is used as the reducing and stabilizer agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis, SEM and EDX, presenting a spherical shape and an average size of 48.6 nm. The electrochemical sensor (AgNPs/CPE) was fabricated by dipping a carbon paste electrode (CPE) in the AgNPs colloidal solution. The sensor shows acceptable linearity with ODZ concentration in the linear range from 1.0 × 10-5 to 1.0 × 10-3 M with a limit of detection (LOD =3S/P) and quantification (LOQ =10S/P) of 7.58 × 10-7 M and 2.08 × 10-6 M respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F E Ettadili
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - S Aghris
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - F Laghrib
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Laboratory of Electrochemistry Engineering, Modeling, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Fez, Morocco
| | - A Farahi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - M Bakasse
- Chouaib Doukkali University, Organic Micropollutants Analysis Team, Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - S Lahrich
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - M A E L Mhammedi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Poornachandhra C, Jayabalakrishnan RM, Prasanthrajan M, Balasubramanian G, Lakshmanan A, Selvakumar S, John JE. Cellulose-based hydrogel for adsorptive removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution: isotherms and kinetics. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4757-4774. [PMID: 36760285 PMCID: PMC9900603 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of economic and recyclable adsorbents for removing pollutants from contaminated water is gaining increasing attention. Agro residue or nature-based material sourced absorbents could revolutionize the future of wastewater treatment. Hence in this study, nanocellulose was synthesized from coconut husk fiber and immobilized onto chitosan to form hydrogel beads. The BET surface area and zeta potential of the adsorbent nanocrystalline cellulose-chitosan hydrogel (NCC-CH) bead was 25.77 m2 g-1 and +50.6 mV, respectively. The functional group analysis also confirmed that the adsorbent had functional groups appropriate for the adsorption of textile dyes. The adsorption performance of NCC-CH and also the influence of initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time was evaluated by batch adsorption studies with crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) dyes. The most favorable operational conditions achieved through I-optimal design in response surface methodology were 0.5 g NCC-CH, 1 h, 9 pH, and 60 mg L-1 for CV removal (94.75%) and 0.13 g NCC-CH, 1 h, 9 pH, and 30 mg L-1 for MB removal (95.88%). The polynomial quadratic model fits the experimental data with an R 2 value of 0.99 and 0.98 for CV and MB removal, respectively. The optimum depiction of the isotherm data was obtained using the Freundlich model for MB adsorption and Freundlich and Langmuir model for CV adsorption. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm was also a good fit to the adsorption of CV and MB dye, suggesting the physisorption due to its free energy of adsorption < 8 kJ mol-1. The kinetics were effectively explained by a pseudo-second order model for both the dyes suggesting that chemical mechanisms influenced the adsorption of CV and MB dyes onto NCC-CH. The intraparticle diffusion model best suited the MB adsorption with three stages rather than the CV with a single step process. Also, the removal efficiency of adsorbent was retained at above 60% even after seven adsorption-desorption cycles indicating the effectiveness of the NCC-CH hydrogel beads for the removal of textile dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohan Prasanthrajan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University India
| | | | | | - S Selvakumar
- Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityIndia
| | - Joseph Ezra John
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ogunjobi JK, Adewale AI, Adeyemi SA. Cellulose nanocrystals from Siam weed: Synthesis and physicochemical characterization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13104. [PMID: 36747922 PMCID: PMC9898745 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomass for the development of environmentally friendly and industrially useful materials is still attracting global interest. Herein, cellulose nanocrystals were prepared from Siam weed. The production steps involved dewaxing the biomass sample, bleaching treatment, alkali treatment and acid hydrolysis. The resulting cellulose nanocrystals were characterized using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Chemical composition results showed that Siam weed contained 39.6% cellulose, 27.5% hemicellulose, 28.7% lignin and 4.2% extractive. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of cellulose and absence of lignin and hemicellulose while XRD analysis revealed that the cellulose nanocrystals have crystallinity index of 66.2% and particle size of 2.2 nm. TGA revealed that thermal stability of raw Siam weed is lower than that of its cellulose nanocrystals due to the presence of the non-cellulosic component with lower temperature of degradation. SEM revealed that degradation of cellulosic chain had occurred. TEM confirmed that the crystal size is in the nanoscale with an average size <100 nm. DLS data revealed a nanocellulose with an average hydrodynamic size of 213 nm and a zeta potential at -9.57 mV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Ogunjobi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria,Corresponding author.
| | - Adetola I. Adewale
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Samson A. Adeyemi
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
N’Gatta KM, Belaid H, El Hayek J, Assanvo EF, Kajdan M, Masquelez N, Boa D, Cavaillès V, Bechelany M, Salameh C. 3D printing of cellulose nanocrystals based composites to build robust biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21244. [PMID: 36482172 PMCID: PMC9732347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are drawing increasing attention in the fields of biomedicine and healthcare owing to their durability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and excellent mechanical properties. Herein, we fabricated using fused deposition modelling technology 3D composite scaffolds from polylactic acid (PLA) and CNC extracted from Ficus thonningii. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the printed scaffolds exhibit interconnected pores with an estimated average pore size of approximately 400 µm. Incorporating 3% (w/w) of CNC into the composite improved PLA mechanical properties (Young's modulus increased by ~ 30%) and wettability (water contact angle decreased by ~ 17%). The mineralization process of printed scaffolds using simulated body fluid was validated and nucleation of hydroxyapatite confirmed. Additionally, cytocompatibility tests revealed that PLA and CNC-based PLA scaffolds are non-toxic and compatible with bone cells. Our design, based on rapid 3D printing of PLA/CNC composites, combines the ability to control the architecture and provide improved mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds, which opens perspectives for applications in bone tissue engineering and in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanga Marius N’Gatta
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Habib Belaid
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Joelle El Hayek
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Edja Florentin Assanvo
- grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Marilyn Kajdan
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Masquelez
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - David Boa
- grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Chrystelle Salameh
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alhaji MOHAMMED M, Basirun WJ, Abd Rahman NMM, Shalauddin M, Salleh NM. The Effect of Acid Hydrolysis Parameters on the Properties of Nanocellulose Extracted from Almond Shells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 2022; 19:14102-14114. [DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2116518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alhaji MOHAMMED
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Lafia Nasarawa State PMB 146 Lafia, Nigeria
| | - Wan Jeffrey Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NanoCat), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N. M. Mira Abd Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md. Shalauddin
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NanoCat), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noordini M. Salleh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Szafraniec M, Grabias-Blicharz E, Barnat-Hunek D, Landis EN. A Critical Review on Modification Methods of Cement Composites with Nanocellulose and Reaction Conditions during Nanocellulose Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7706. [PMID: 36363297 PMCID: PMC9654582 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural polymer that has driven significant progress in recent years in the study of the mechanical properties of composites, including cement composites. Impressive mechanical properties, ability to compact the cement matrix, low density, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity of the surface of nanocellulose particles (which improves cement hydration) are some of the many benefits of using NCs in composite materials. The authors briefly presented a description of the types of NCs (including the latest, little-known shapes), showing the latest developments in their manufacture and modification. Moreover, NC challenges and opportunities are discussed to reveal its hidden potential, as well as the use of spherical and square/rectangular nanocellulose to modify cement composites. Intending to emphasize the beneficial use of NC in cementitious composites, this article discusses NC as an eco-friendly, low-cost, and efficient material, particularly for recycling readily available cellulosic waste. In view of the constantly growing interest in using renewable and waste materials in a wide range of applications, the authors hope to provide progress in using nanocellulose (NC) as a modifier for cement composites. Furthermore, this review highlights a gap in research regarding the preparation of new types of NCs, their application, and their impact on the properties of cementitious composites. Finally, the authors summarize and critically evaluate the type, dosage, and application method of NC, as well as the effects of these variables on the final properties of NC-derived cement composites. Nevertheless, this review article stresses up-to-date challenges for NC-based materials as well as future remarks in light of dwindling natural resources (including building materials), and the principles of a circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szafraniec
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grabias-Blicharz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Danuta Barnat-Hunek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Eric N. Landis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoo DY, Low ZL, Low DYS, Tang SY, Manickam S, Tan KW, Ban ZH. Ultrasonic cavitation: An effective cleaner and greener intensification technology in the extraction and surface modification of nanocellulose. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106176. [PMID: 36174272 PMCID: PMC9519792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With rising consumer demand for natural products, a greener and cleaner technology, i.e., ultrasound-assisted extraction, has received immense attention given its effective and rapid isolation for nanocellulose compared to conventional methods. Nevertheless, the application of ultrasound on a commercial scale is limited due to the challenges associated with process optimization, high energy requirement, difficulty in equipment design and process scale-up, safety and regulatory issues. This review aims to narrow the research gap by placing the current research activities into perspectives and highlighting the diversified applications, significant roles, and potentials of ultrasound to ease future developments. In recent years, enhancements have been reported with ultrasound assistance, including a reduction in extraction duration, minimization of the reliance on harmful chemicals, and, most importantly, improved yield and properties of nanocellulose. An extensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of ultrasound-assisted treatments has also been considered. Essentially, the cavitation phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency through an increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent due to the implosion of microbubbles. Optimization of process parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, duration, and frequency have indicated their significance for improved efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Yee Hoo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Li Low
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Darren Yi Sern Low
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Zhen Hong Ban
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mohd Jamil NA, Jaffar SS, Saallah S, Misson M, Siddiquee S, Roslan J, Lenggoro W. Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Banana Peel Using One-Pot Microwave and Mild Oxidative Hydrolysis System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3537. [PMID: 36234664 PMCID: PMC9565709 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation deals with the application of a one-pot system to facilitate the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from banana peel by a combination of microwave pre-treatment and mild oxidative hydrolysis with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 0-30 wt%) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 0-10%). H2O2 causes decolorization of the banana peel suspension from dark brown to light yellow, while further treatment with H2SO4 produces a white suspension, indicating successful removal of the non-cellulosic components from the banana peel. This finding was further supported by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, which showed the gradual disappearance of lignin and hemicellulose peaks with increasing H2O2 and H2SO4 concentrations. The CNCs has considerably high crystallinity, with the highest crystallinity (~85%) being obtained at 6% H2SO4. Therefore, CNCs obtained at 6% H2SO4 were selected for further characterization. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed the disintegration of the cellulose fibres into small fragments after hydrolysis. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) analyses revealed the spherical shape of the CNCs with an average size of approximately 20 nm. The CNCs have good stability with zeta potential of -42.9 mV. Findings from this study suggest that the combination of microwave pre-treatment and oxidative hydrolysis with 30 wt% H2O2 and 6% H2SO4, which is about 11 times lower than the commonly used H2SO4 concentration, is proven effective for the isolation of CNCs from banana peel. These observations are expected to provide insight into a facile and environmentally benign alternative to the conventional CNCs isolation method, using abundant and underutilized agricultural waste as feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurhidayah Azmirah Mohd Jamil
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Marine Aquaculture Development Centre Menggatal, Department of Fisheries Sabah, Jalan Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu 88450, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syafiqah Syazwani Jaffar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mailin Misson
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jumardi Roslan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Wuled Lenggoro
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choque-Quispe D, Choque-Quispe Y, Ligarda-Samanez CA, Peralta-Guevara DE, Solano-Reynoso AM, Ramos-Pacheco BS, Taipe-Pardo F, Martínez-Huamán EL, Aguirre Landa JP, Agreda Cerna HW, Loayza-Céspedes JC, Zamalloa-Puma MM, Álvarez-López GJ, Zamalloa-Puma A, Moscoso-Moscoso E, Quispe-Quispe Y. Effect of the Addition of Corn Husk Cellulose Nanocrystals in the Development of a Novel Edible Film. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3421. [PMID: 36234547 PMCID: PMC9565820 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose from agroindustrial waste can be treated and converted into nanocrystals or nanofibers. It could be used to produce biodegradable and edible films, contributing to the circular economy and being environmentally friendly. This research aimed to develop an edible film elaborated with activated cellulose nanocrystals, native potato starch, and glycerin. The activated cellulose nanocrystals were obtained by basic/acid digestion and esterification with citric acid from corn husks. The starch was extracted from the native potato cultivated at 3500 m of altitude. Four film formulations were elaborated with potato starch (2.6 to 4.4%), cellulose nanocrystals (0.0 to 0.12%), and glycerin (3.0 to 4.2%), by thermoforming at 60 °C. It was observed that the cellulose nanocrystals reported an average size of 676.0 nm. The films mainly present hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups that stabilize the polymeric matrix. It was observed that the addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the films significantly increased (p-value < 0.05) water activity (0.409 to 0.447), whiteness index (96.92 to 97.27), and organic carbon content. In opposition to gelatinization temperature (156.7 to 150.1 °C), transparency (6.69 to 6.17), resistance to traction (22.29 to 14.33 N/mm), and solubility in acidic, basic, ethanol, and water media decreased. However, no significant differences were observed in the thermal decomposition of the films evaluated through TGA analysis. The addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the films gives it good mechanical and thermal resistance qualities, with low solubility, making it a potential food-coating material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Choque-Quispe
- Water Analysis and Control Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Yudith Choque-Quispe
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Diego E. Peralta-Guevara
- Water Analysis and Control Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Aydeé M. Solano-Reynoso
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de los Andes, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Betsy S. Ramos-Pacheco
- Water Analysis and Control Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Fredy Taipe-Pardo
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Edgar L. Martínez-Huamán
- Water Analysis and Control Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Education and Humanities, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - John Peter Aguirre Landa
- Department of Business Administration, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Henrry W. Agreda Cerna
- Department of Business Administration, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Julio C. Loayza-Céspedes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | | | | | - Alan Zamalloa-Puma
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08000, Peru
| | - Elibet Moscoso-Moscoso
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Yadyra Quispe-Quispe
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li J, Zhang F, Zhong Y, Zhao Y, Gao P, Tian F, Zhang X, Zhou R, Cullen PJ. Emerging Food Packaging Applications of Cellulose Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194025. [PMID: 36235973 PMCID: PMC9572456 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, which is synthesized by plants, bacteria, and animals, with source-dependent properties. Cellulose containing β-1,4-linked D-glucoses further assembles into hierarchical structures in microfibrils, which can be processed to nanocellulose with length or width in the nanoscale after a variety of pretreatments including enzymatic hydrolysis, TEMPO-oxidation, and carboxymethylation. Nanocellulose can be mainly categorized into cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) produced by acid hydrolysis, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) prepared by refining, homogenization, microfluidization, sonification, ball milling, and the aqueous counter collision (ACC) method, and bacterial cellulose (BC) biosynthesized by the Acetobacter species. Due to nontoxicity, good biodegradability and biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent mechanical strength, and unique optical properties, nanocellulose is utilized to develop various cellulose nanocomposites through solution casting, Layer-by-Layer (LBL) assembly, extrusion, coating, gel-forming, spray drying, electrostatic spinning, adsorption, nanoemulsion, and other techniques, and has been widely used as food packaging material with excellent barrier and mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and stimuli-responsive performance to improve the food quality and shelf life. Under the driving force of the increasing green food packaging market, nanocellulose production has gradually developed from lab-scale to pilot- or even industrial-scale, mainly in Europe, Africa, and Asia, though developing cost-effective preparation techniques and precisely tuning the physicochemical properties are key to the commercialization. We expect this review to summarise the recent literature in the nanocellulose-based food packaging field and provide the readers with the state-of-the-art of this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Feifan Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yaqi Zhong
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yadong Zhao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Pingping Gao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Fang Tian
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Rusen Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Raza M, Abu-Jdayil B, Banat F, Al-Marzouqi AH. Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Waste. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25366-25379. [PMID: 35910104 PMCID: PMC9330260 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the isolation, characterization, and kinetic analyses of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from date palm waste in the United Arab Emirates. After bleaching date palm stem waste with acidified NaClO2 and delignification via NaOH treatments, cellulose was extracted. Mineral acid hydrolysis (62 wt % H2SO4) was performed at 45 °C for 45 min to produce crystalline nanocellulose. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and chemical composition analysis confirmed the removal of noncellulosic constituents. The crystallinity index increased gradually with chemical treatments, according to the obtained X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the CNC has high thermal stability. The Coats-Redfern method was used to determine the kinetic parameters. The kinetic analysis confirmed that CNC has more activation energy than cellulose and thus confirms its compact and resistive crystalline structure. This has been attributable to the stronger hydrogen bonding in CNC crystalline domains than that in cellulose crystalline domains. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that lignin and hemicellulose were eliminated after chemical pretreatments, and CNC with a rodlike shape was obtained after hydrolysis. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the nanoscale of crystalline cellulose. ζ potential analysis indicated that the CNC afforded a stable suspension (-29.27 mV), which is less prone to flocculation. Kinetic analyses of cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals isolated from date palm waste are useful for making composites and designing selective pyrolysis reactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Raza
- Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basim Abu-Jdayil
- Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- National
Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates
University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- . Tel: +971 3 7135317. Fax: +971 3 7624262
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fitriani F, Aprilia S, Bilad MR, Arahman N, Usman A, Huda N, Kobun R. Optimization of Biocomposite Film Based on Whey Protein Isolate and Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Pineapple Crown Leaf Using Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153006. [PMID: 35893973 PMCID: PMC9332505 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employed response surface methodology to optimize the preparation of biocomposites based on whey protein isolate, glycerol, and nanocrystalline cellulose from pineapple crown leaf. The effects of different concentrations of nanocrystalline cellulose as a filler and glycerol as a plasticizer on the thickness, the tensile strength, and the elongation at break on the resulting biocomposite films were investigated. The central composite design was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions for biocomposite films with optimum properties. The regression of a second-order polynomial model resulted in an optimum composition consisting of 4% glycerol and 3.5% nanocrystalline cellulose concentrations, which showed a desirability of 92.7%. The prediction of the regression model was validated by characterizing the biocomposite film prepared based on the optimum composition, at which the thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the biocomposite film were 0.13 mm, 7.16 MPa, and 39.10%, respectively. This optimum composition can be obtained in range concentrations of glycerol (4–8%) and nanocrystalline cellulose (3–7%). Scanning electron microscope images showed that nanocrystalline cellulose dispersed well in the pure whey protein isolate, and the films had a relatively smooth surface. In comparison, a rough and uneven surface results in more porous biocomposite films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that nanocrystalline cellulose and glycerol showed good compatibility with WPI film by forming hydrogen bonds. The addition of nanocrystalline cellulose as a filler also decreased the transparency, solubility, and water vapor permeability and increased the crystallinity index of the resulting biocomposite film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fitriani Fitriani
- Doctoral Program, School of Engineering, Post Graduate Program, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Sri Aprilia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei;
| | - Nasrul Arahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Anwar Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei;
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Rovina Kobun
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pecoraro MT, Mellinas C, Piccolella S, Garrigos MC, Pacifico S. Hemp Stem Epidermis and Cuticle: From Waste to Starter in Bio-Based Material Development. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142816. [PMID: 35890594 PMCID: PMC9319283 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, hemp farmers are facing an urgent problem related to plant stem disposal after seed harvesting. In this work, the commonly discarded epidermis and cuticle of hemp stems were valorized, turning them towards a sustainable recycling and reuse, contributing to the circular economy concept. Cellulose deprived of amorphous regions was obtained by a green process consisting of an ethanolic ultrasound-assisted maceration followed by mild bleaching/hydrolysis. The obtained hemp cellulose was esterified with citric acid resulting in a 1.2-fold higher crystallinity index and 34 °C lower Tg value compared to the non-functionalized hemp cellulose. Green innovative biocomposite films were developed by embedding the modified cellulose into PLA by means of an extrusion process. The structural and morphological characterization of the obtained biocomposites highlighted the functionalization and further embedment of cellulose into the PLA matrix. Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) results suggested physical and chemical interactions between PLA and the organic filler in the biofilms, observing a homogeneous composition by Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Moreover, some increase in thermal stability was found for biocomposites added with 5%wt of the hemp cellulose filler. The obtained results highlighted the feasible recovery of cellulose from hemp stem parts of disposal concern, adding value to this agro-waste, and its potential application for the development of novel biocomposite films to be used in different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tommasina Pecoraro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mellinas
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (C.M.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Simona Piccolella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Maria Carmen Garrigos
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (C.M.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Synthesis of cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) with high water absorbency using pineapple-leaf extracted cellulose fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
Effects of a Semi‐Mechanical Technique on the Properties of Nanocellulose from Defatted Rice Bran. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Rai R, Dhar P. Biomedical engineering aspects of nanocellulose: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:362001. [PMID: 35576914 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6fef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable biopolymer in nature and is present as major constituent in both plant cell walls as well as synthesized by some microorganisms as extracellular products. In both the systems, cellulose self-assembles into a hierarchical ordered architecture to form micro to nano-fibrillated structures, on basis of which it is classified into various forms. Nanocellulose (NCs) exist as rod-shaped highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibers, micro-fibrillated cellulose and bacterial cellulose (BC), depending upon the origin, structural and morphological properties. Moreover, NCs have been processed into diversified products ranging from composite films, coatings, hydrogels, aerogels, xerogels, organogels, rheological modifiers, optically active birefringent colored films using traditional-to-advanced manufacturing techniques. With such versatility in structure-property, NCs have profound application in areas of healthcare, packaging, cosmetics, energy, food, electronics, bioremediation, and biomedicine with promising commercial potential. Herein this review, we highlight the recent advancements in synthesis, fabrication, processing of NCs, with strategic chemical modification routes to tailor its properties for targeted biomedical applications. We also study the basic mechanism and models for biosynthesis of cellulose in both plant and microbial systems and understand the structural insights of NC polymorphism. The kinetics study for both enzymatic/chemical modifications of NCs and microbial growth behavior of BC under various reactor configurations are studied. The challenges associated with the commercial aspects as well as industrial scale production of pristine and functionalized NCs to meet the growing demands of market are discussed and prospective strategies to mitigate them are described. Finally, post chemical modification evaluation of biological and inherent properties of NC are important to determine their efficacy for development of various products and technologies directed for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Potential of solid wastes from the walnut industry: Extraction conditions to evaluate the antioxidant and bioherbicidal activities. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
27
|
Recent advancement in isolation, processing, characterization and applications of emerging nanocellulose: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:954-976. [PMID: 35304199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanocellulose from various natural resources as a promising nanomaterial has been gaining interest for a wide range application. Nanocellulose serves as an excellent candidate since it contributes numerous superior properties and functionalities. In this review, details of the three main nanocellulose categorised: cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) have been described. We focused on the preparation and isolation techniques to produce nanocellulose including alkaline pre-treatment, acid hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface modification of nanocellulose through esterification, silylation, amidation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation to improve the diverse applications has also been reviewed. Some invigorating perspectives on the applications, challenges, and future directions on the relevant issues regarding nanocellulose are also presented.
Collapse
|
28
|
Romruen O, Karbowiak T, Tongdeesoontorn W, Shiekh KA, Rawdkuen S. Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Agricultural By-Products of Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091830. [PMID: 35566998 PMCID: PMC9099998 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant component of the plant biomass in agricultural waste valorization that may be exploited to mitigate the excessive use of synthetic non-biodegradable materials. This work aimed to investigate the cellulose utilized by alkaline extraction with a prior bleaching process from rice straw, corncob, Phulae pineapple leaves, and Phulae pineapple peels. The bleaching and alkaline extraction process was performed using 1.4% acidified sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) in all the samples. All the samples, without and with the alkaline process, were characterized for their physico-chemical, microstructure, thermal properties and compared to commercial cellulose (COM-C). The extraction yield was the highest in alkaline-extracted cellulose from the corncob (AE-CCC) sample (p < 0.05), compared to the other alkaline-treated samples. The undesired components, including mineral, lignin, and hemicellulose, were lowest in the AE-CCC sample (p < 0.05), compared to raw and alkaline-treated samples. The microstructure displayed the flaky AE-CCC structure that showed a similar visibility in terms of morphology with that of the alkaline-treated pineapple peel cellulose (AE-PPC) and COM-C samples compared to other alkaline-treated samples with a fibrous structure. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) of AE-CCC samples showed the lowest amorphous regions, possibly due to the elimination of hemicellulose and lignin during bleaching and alkaline treatment. The highest crystallinity index obtained in the AE-CCC sample showed a close resemblance with the COM-C sample. Additionally, the AE-CCC sample showed the highest thermal stability, as evidenced by its higher Tonset (334.64 °C), and Tmax (364.67 °C) compared to the COM-C and alkaline-treated samples. Therefore, agricultural wastes after harvesting in the Chiang Rai province of Thailand may be subjected to an alkaline process with a prior bleaching process to yield a higher cellulose content that is free of impurities. Thus, the extracted cellulose could be used as an efficient, eco-friendly, and biodegradable material for packaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orapan Romruen
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Thomas Karbowiak
- UMR PAM-Food and Wine Science & Technology, Agro-Sup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne France-Comte, Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn
- Unit of Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (W.T.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh
- Unit of Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (W.T.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Saroat Rawdkuen
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Unit of Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (W.T.); (K.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53916739; Fax: +66-53916737
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Structural Characterization of Nanocellulose/Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091819. [PMID: 35566987 PMCID: PMC9101848 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of innovation in the electrical industry is driven by the controlled design of new materials. The hybrid materials based on magnetite/nanocellulose are highly interesting due to their various applications in medicine, ecology, catalysis and electronics. In this study, the structure and morphology of nanocellulose/magnetite hybrid nanomaterials were investigated. The effect of nanocellulose loading on the crystal structure of synthesized composites was investigated by XRD and FTIR methods. The presented study reveals that the interaction between the cellulose and magnetic nanoparticles depends on the nanocellulose content. Further, a transition from cellulose II to cellulose I allomorph is observed. SEM and EDS are employed to determine the variation in morphology with changes in component concentrations. By the calculation of magnetic interactions between adjacent Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions within composites, it is determined that ferromagnetic coupling predominates.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Abaca fibers were subjected to a TEMPO mediated oxidation to extract nanocellulose on a 500 L capacity locally fabricated reactor. A yield of 46.7% white gel material with 2.23% solid content was obtained from an overnight reaction. Transmission electron microscopy scan of the white gel material confirms the production of relatively short highly individualized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) as the diameter of abaca fiber was reduced from 16.28 μm to 3.12 nm with fiber length in the range of 100 nm to 200 nm. Nanocellulose film was prepared using air drying (CNF-VC) and vacuum oven drying (CNF-OD). The effect of CNF concentration on the physical, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. FTIR spectra showed cellulose I spectra between abaca fiber with both the CNF-VC film and CNF-OD film with two distinct peaks at 1620 cm−1 and 1720 cm−1 attributed to the carboxyl group resulting from the TEMPO oxidation. In addition, the carboxyl group decreases in thermal stability of cellulose. Moreover, the XRD scan showed a decrease in crystallinity index of CNF films compared to abaca fibers. CNF-VC film showed the highest tensile strength at 0.4% concentration with 88.30 MPa, while a 89.72 MPa was observed for CNF-OD film at 0.8% concentration.
Collapse
|
31
|
Magagula LP, Masemola CM, Ballim MA, Tetana ZN, Moloto N, Linganiso EC. Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals and Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084310. [PMID: 35457128 PMCID: PMC9025071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid population and economic growth, excessive use of fossil fuels, and climate change have contributed to a serious turn towards environmental management and sustainability. The agricultural sector is a big contributor to (lignocellulosic) waste, which accumulates in landfills and ultimately gets burned, polluting the environment. In response to the current climate-change crisis, policymakers and researchers are, respectively, encouraging and seeking ways of creating value-added products from generated waste. Recently, agricultural waste has been regularly appearing in articles communicating the production of a range of carbon and polymeric materials worldwide. The extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from biomass waste partially occupies some of the waste-recycling and management space. Further, the new materials generated from this waste promise to be effective and competitive in emerging markets. This short review summarizes recent work in the area of CNCs and CQDs synthesised from biomass waste. Synthesis methods, properties, and prospective application of these materials are summarized. Current challenges and the benefits of using biomass waste are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Precious Magagula
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Clinton Michael Masemola
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
| | - Muhammed As’ad Ballim
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Zikhona Nobuntu Tetana
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
| | - Nosipho Moloto
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Ella Cebisa Linganiso
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa; (L.P.M.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.B.); (Z.N.T.); (N.M.)
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Preparation of composites based in poly(3-hexylthiophene) and freeze-dried cellulose nanocrystals by a simple method, and their characterization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
33
|
Ariaeenejad S, Motamedi E, Salekdeh GH. Highly efficient removal of dyes from wastewater using nanocellulose from quinoa husk as a carrier for immobilization of laccase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126833. [PMID: 35149184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of nanocellulose (NC) from an agro-waste of quinoa husks (QS) was reported for the first time. The NC nano-carrier was utilized for immobilization of a model laccase enzyme (PersiLac1) providing an innovative, green, and practical nano-biocatalyst for efficient removal of two different model dyes (malachite green (MG) and congo red (CR)) from water. This nano-biocatalyst developed a synergistic adsorption-degradation approach leading the dye molecules easily gathered near the nano-carrier by adsorption and then degraded effectively by the enzyme. Upon enzyme immobilization, the dye removals (%) were remarkably improved for both 150 mg/L of dyes (from 54% and 12%, for MG and CR, respectively, in case of the pristine NCs, to 98% and 60% for the immobilized enzyme). The immobilized PersiLac1 could decolorize the concentrated dye solutions and showed superior reusability (up to 83% dye removal after 18th runs for MG) and remarkable performance from complex real textile effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Ariaeenejad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Elaheh Motamedi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Temperature and Moisture Dependent Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Walnut Components Associated with Radio Frequency and Microwave Pasteurization. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070919. [PMID: 35407005 PMCID: PMC8997614 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide necessary information for further pasteurization experiments and computer simulations based on radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) energy, dielectric and thermal properties of walnut components were measured at frequencies between 10 and 3000 MHz, temperatures between 20 and 80 °C, and moisture contents of whole walnuts between 8.04% and 20.01% on a dry basis (d.b.). Results demonstrated that dielectric constants and loss factors of walnut kernels and shells decreased dramatically with raised frequency within the RF range from 10 to 300 MHz, but then reduced slightly within the MW range from 300 to 3000 MHz. Dielectric constant, loss factor, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity increased with raised temperature and moisture content. Dielectric loss factors of kernels were greater than those of shells, leading to a higher RF or MW heating rate. Penetration depth of electromagnetic waves in walnut components was found to be greater at lower frequencies, temperatures, and moisture contents. The established regression models with experimental results could predict both dielectric and thermal properties with large coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.966). Therefore, this study offered essential data and effective guidance in developing and optimizing RF and MW pasteurization techniques for walnuts using both experiments and mathematical simulations.
Collapse
|
35
|
Insight into the extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from date pits. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
36
|
Patil TV, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Santra TS, Lim KT. Nanocellulose, a versatile platform: From the delivery of active molecules to tissue engineering applications. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:566-589. [PMID: 34820589 PMCID: PMC8591404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejal V. Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K. Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Deptarment of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Properties Enhancement Nano Coconut Shell Filled in Packaging Plastic Waste Bionanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040772. [PMID: 35215684 PMCID: PMC8874970 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste recycling has been proposed as a long-term solution to eliminate land and marine deposit. This study proposed a new approach to fabricate biocomposites of nano-sized fillers and low matrix compositions with a great performance by using plastic packaging waste different from the conventional biocomposite. Coconut shell, an agricultural waste, wasbonded with waste plastic to form a biocomposite with a coupling agent. The optimum percentage composition and the effect of coconut shell ball milling time on the properties of the biocomposite were studied with density, thickness swelling, porosity flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the optimum performance of biocomposite was obtained at 30/70 (wt.%) plastic waste to coconut shell ratio, where 70 wt.% was the highest coconut shell composition that can be achieved. Furthermore, for 30 wt.% of polypropylene (low matrix), the performance of biocomposite improved significantly with milling time due to enhanced interaction between filler and matrix. As the milling time was increased from 0 to 40 h, the density increased from 0.9 to 1.02 g/cm3; thickness swelling decreased from 3.4 to 1.8%; porosity decreased from 7.0 to 3.0%; flexural strength increased from 8.19 to 12.26 MPa; flexural modulus increased from 1.67 to 2.87 GPa, and compressive strength increased from 16.00 to 27.20 MPa. The degradation temperature of biocomposite also increased as the milling duration increased from 0 to 40 h. The melting temperature increased significantly from 160 to 170 °C as the milling duration increased from 0 to 40 h. The depolymerisation occurred at 350 °C, which also increased with milling duration. This study revealed that the performance of biocomposite improved significantly with a lower percentage matrix and fillernanoparticle rather than increasing the percentage of the matrix. The nanocomposite can be used as a panelboard in industrial applications.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tian W, Gao X, Zhang J, Yu J, Zhang J. Cellulose nanosphere: Preparation and applications of the novel nanocellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118863. [PMID: 34893268 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, cellulose nanosphere (CNS) has gained growing attention and rapid development. As a new type of nanocellulose materials, CNS can be prepared from native cellulose by using methods which have been adopted extensively to prepare the well-known nanocelluloses, i.e., cellulose nanofiber and cellulose nanocrystal. The particular interest is that the regenerated cellulose and mercerized cellulose can also be used as important feedstocks to produce CNS. In this review, the preparation methods of CNS are described and discussed, via both top-down processes, including chemical, mechanical, and enzymolysis ones, and bottom-up processes by using various cellulose I and II starting materials. This review also highlights the researches relative to cellulose composite nanospheres, and summarizes the applications of spherical cellulose-based nanoparticles. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities of CNS are prospected in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuexin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Circular economy and secondary raw materials from fruits as sustainable source for recovery and reuse. A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
40
|
Extraction and Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibers from Carpet Wastes Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020326. [PMID: 35054732 PMCID: PMC8780019 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are the most advanced bio-nanomaterial utilized in various applications due to their unique physical and structural properties, renewability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. It has been isolated from diverse sources including plants as well as textile wastes using different isolation techniques, such as acid hydrolysis, high-intensity ultrasonication, and steam explosion process. Here, we planned to extract and isolate CNFs from carpet wastes using a supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc.CO2) treatment approach. The mechanism of defibrillation and defragmentation caused by Sc.CO2 treatment was also explained. The morphological analysis of bleached fibers showed that Sc.CO2 treatment induced several longitudinal fractions along with each fiber due to the supercritical condition of temperature and pressure. Such conditions removed th fiber’s impurities and produced more fragile fibers compared to untreated samples. The particle size analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) confirm the effect of Sc.CO2 treatment. The average fiber length and diameter of Sc.CO2 treated CNFs were 53.72 and 7.14 nm, respectively. In comparison, untreated samples had longer fiber length and diameter (302.87 and 97.93 nm). The Sc.CO2-treated CNFs also had significantly higher thermal stability by more than 27% and zeta potential value of −38.9± 5.1 mV, compared to untreated CNFs (−33.1 ± 3.0 mV). The vibrational band frequency and chemical composition analysis data confirm the presence of cellulose function groups without any contamination with lignin and hemicellulose. The Sc.CO2 treatment method is a green approach for enhancing the isolation yield of CNFs from carpet wastes and produce better quality nanocellulose for advanced applications.
Collapse
|
41
|
Salazar-Cruz BA, Chávez-Cinco MY, Morales-Cepeda AB, Ramos-Galván CE, Rivera-Armenta JL. Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Composites Prepared from Pistachio Shell Particles Treated Chemically and Polypropylene. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020426. [PMID: 35056741 PMCID: PMC8780289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to prepare polypropylene (PP) matrix composited filled with chemically treated pistachio shell particles (PTx), and evaluate their effect on the composites’ thermal properties. PP-PTx composites were formulated in different PTx content (from 2 to 10 phr) in a mixing chamber, using the melt-mixing process. The PTx were chemically treated using a NaOH solution and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). According to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the treatment of pistachio shell particles resulted in the remotion of lignin and hemicellulose. The thermal stability was evaluated by means of TGA, where the presence of PTx in composites showed a positive effect compared with PP pristine. Thermal properties such as crystallization temperature (Tc), crystallization enthalpy (∆Hc), melting temperature (Tm) and crystallinity were determinate by means differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); these results suggest that the PTx had a nucleation effect on the PP matrix, increasing their crystallinity. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that stiffness of the composites increase compared with that PP pristine, as well as the storage modulus, and the best results were found at a PTx concentration of 4 phr. At higher concentrations, the positive effect decreased; however, they were better than the reference PP.
Collapse
|
42
|
Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Uyama H, Hai ND, Chuah CH. Enhanced curcumin loaded nanocellulose: a possible inhalable nanotherapeutic to treat COVID-19. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 29:1821-1840. [PMID: 35002106 PMCID: PMC8725427 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/curcumin (CNC/PVA/curcumin) nanoparticles with enhanced drug loading properties were developed by the dispersion of nanocellulose in curcumin/polyvinyl alcohol aqueous medium. Due to the physical and chemical nature of sulphuric acid hydrolyzed nanocellulose and the antiviral properties of curcumin, the possibility of using these nanoparticles as an inhalable nanotherapeutic for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is discussed. The adsorption of curcumin and PVA into nanocellulose, and the presence of anionic sulphate groups, which is important for the interaction with viral glycoproteins were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FESEM images showed that the diameter of nanocellulose ranged from 50 to 100 nm, which is closer to the diameter (60-140 nm) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The solubility of poorly water-soluble curcumin was increased from 40.58 ± 1.42 to 313.61 ± 1.05 mg/L with increasing the PVA concentration from 0.05 to 0.8% (w/v) in aqueous medium. This is a significant increase in the solubility compared to curcumin's solubility in carboxymethyl cellulose medium in our previous study. The drug loading capacity increased by 22-fold with the addition of 0.8% PVA to the nanocellulose dispersed curcumin solution. The highest drug release increased from 1.25 ± 0.15 mg/L to 17.11 ± 0.22 mg/L with increasing the PVA concentration from 0 to 0.8% in the drug-loaded medium. Future studies of this material will be based on the antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and cell cytotoxicity studies. Due to the particulate nature, morphology and size of SARS-CoV-2, nanoparticle-based strategies offer a strong approach to tackling this virus. Hence, we believe that the enhanced loading of curcumin in nanocellulose will provide a promising nano-based solution for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thennakoon M. Sampath U. Gunathilake
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nguyen Dai Hai
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy Science and Technology, 01 TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from Agave gigantea by chemical-mechanical treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 200:25-33. [PMID: 34971644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a renewable and biocompatible nanomaterial that evokes much interest because of its versatility in various applications. This study reports the production of nanocellulose from Agave gigantea (AG) fiber using the chemical-ultrafine grinding treatment. Chemical treatment (alkalization and bleaching) removed non-cellulose components (hemicellulose and lignin), while ultrafine grinding reduced the size of cellulose microfibrils into nanocellulose. From the observation of Transmission Electron Microscopy, the average diameter of nanocellulose was 4.07 nm. The effect of chemical-ultrafine grinding on the morphology and properties of AG fiber was identified using chemical composition, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The bleaching treatment increased the crystal index by 48.3% compared to raw AG fiber, along with an increase in the cellulose content of 20.4%. The ultrafine grinding process caused a decrease in the crystal content of the AG fiber. The crystal index affected the thermal stability of the AG fiber. The TGA results showed that AG fiber treated with bleaching showed the highest thermal stability compared to AG fiber without treatment. The FTIR analysis showed that the presence of CH vibrations from the ether in the fiber. After chemical treatment, the peaks at 1605 and 1243 cm-1 disappeared, indicating the loss of lignin and hemicellulose functional groups in AG fiber. As a result, nanocellulose derived from AG fiber can be applied as reinforcement in environmentally friendly polymer biocomposites.
Collapse
|
45
|
Yelatonsev D, Mukhachev A, Ivanyuk O. AN EFFECTIVE BIOSORBENT DERIVED N EFFECTIVE BIOSORBENT DERIVED FROM PRODUCTION WASTE ROM PRODUCTION WASTE FOR WATER TREATMENT: STUDYING OR WATER TREATMENT: STUDYING THE ADSORPTION OF SYNTHETIC DYES HE ADSORPTION OF SYNTHETIC DYES. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/scine17.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Eco-friendly disposal of food waste, in particular, nutshells and fruit kernels, is an important issue to ensure sustainable nature management. These secondary raw materials are the source of valuable polymeric materials, cellulose and lignin.Problem Statement. IGiven the capacity of the food industry in Ukraine and the amount of waste produced, the development of technologies for processing lignin-cellulose biomass is an important research and practical issue.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to study the adsorption properties of chemically modified biosorbent based on plant materials concerning synthetic dyes of different types and classes; to assess the feasibility of biosorbent production and efficiency of its application in water treatment.Materials and Methods. Lignocellulose sorbent (LCS) has been synthesized from non-wood raw materials by chemical modification with the use of phosphoric acid with the addition of urea in an aqueous media. The Fourier transform infrared and standard methods of plant raw material analysis have been used to determine the physicochemical characteristics of LCS. The adsorption of anionic (methyl orange, alizarin red S, eosin Y), cationic (methylene blue, neutral red), and nonionic (aniline yellow) dyes on LCS from aqueous solution has been studied in the batch mode.Results. The adsorption capacity of LCS towards cationic dyes (47.0–53.3 mg/g) is higher than that of anionic (22.2–36.9 mg/g) and nonionic (4.7 mg/g) ones. The adsorption kinetics have been adequately described by a pseudo-second-order equation. Adsorption of all classes of dyes on LCS is thermodynamically feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic process. The liquid by-product of LCS production contains 15% nitrogen and 10% phosphorus, so it may be used as a fertilizer.
Conclusions. The proposed method for processing food waste provides obtaining effective sorbent and liquid NP-fertilizer. LCS removes both cationic and anionic pollutants from water, so it may be considered a promisingbiosorbent for water purification.
Collapse
|
46
|
Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Uyama H, Nguyen DH, Chuah CH. Investigations on the interactions of proteins with nanocellulose produced via sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1522-1531. [PMID: 34740692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of protein-nanoparticle interactions contributes to the understanding of nanoparticle bio-reactivity and creates a database of nanoparticles for use in nanomedicine, nanodiagnosis, and nanotherapy. In this study, hen's egg white was used as the protein source to study the interaction of proteins with sulphuric acid hydrolysed nanocellulose (CNC). Several techniques such as FTIR, zeta potential measurement, UV-vis spectroscopy, compressive strength, TGA, contact angle and FESEM provide valuable information in the protein-CNC interaction study. The presence of a broader peak in the 1600-1050 cm-1 range of CNC/egg white protein FTIR spectrum compared to the 1600-1050 cm-1 range of CNC sample indicated the binding of egg white protein to CNC surface. The contact angle with the glass surface decreased with the addition of CNC to egg white protein. The FESEM EDX spectra showed a higher amount of N and Na on the surface of CNC. It indicates the density of protein molecules higher around CNC. The zeta potential of CNC changed from -26.7 ± 0.46 to -21.7 ± 0.2 with the introduction of egg white protein due to the hydrogen bonding, polar bonds and electrostatic interaction between surface CNC and protein. The compressive strength of the egg white protein films increased from 0.064 ± 0.01 to 0.36 ± 0.02 MPa with increasing the CNC concentration from 0 to 4.73% (w/v). The thermal decomposition temperature of CNC/egg white protein decreased compared to egg white protein thermal decomposition temperature. According to UV-Vis spectroscopy, the far-UV light (207-222nm) absorption peak slightly changed in the CNC/egg white protein spectrum compared to the egg white protein spectrum. Based on the results, the observations of protein nanoparticle interactions provide an additional understanding, besides the theoretical simulations from previous studies. Also, the results indicate to aim CNC for the application of nanomedicine and nanotherapy. A new insight given by us in this research assumes a reasonable solution to these crucial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thennakoon M Sampath U Gunathilake
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dai Hai Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy Science and Technology, 01 TL29 District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shaikh HM, Anis A, Poulose AM, Al-Zahrani SM, Madhar NA, Alhamidi A, Alam MA. Isolation and Characterization of Alpha and Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) Trunk Mesh. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111893. [PMID: 34200274 PMCID: PMC8200950 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pure cellulosic polymers obtained from waste lignocellulose offer great potential for designing novel materials in the concept of biorefinery. In this work, alpha-cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose were isolated from the date palm trunk mesh (DPTM) through a series of physicochemical treatments. Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment was used to remove soluble extractives, and concentrated alkali pretreatment was used to eliminate the lignin portion selectively to obtain alpha-cellulose in approximately 94% yield. Further treatments of this cellulose yielded nanocrystalline cellulose. The structure–property relationship studies were carried out by characterizing the obtained polymers by various standard methods and analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Almost 65% yield of pure cellulose was achieved, out of which 94% is the alpha-cellulose. This cellulose shows good thermal stability and crystallinity. The microscopic analysis of the nanocellulose showed a heterogeneous mix of irregular-shaped particles with a size range of 20–60 nm. The percentage crystallinity of alpha-cellulose and nanocellulose was found to be 68.9 and 71.8, respectively. Thus, this study shows that, this DPTM-based low-cost waste biomass can be a potential source to obtain cellulose and nano-cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid M. Shaikh
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-41-1176747
| | - Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Anesh Manjaly Poulose
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Saeed M. Al-Zahrani
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Niyaz Ahamad Madhar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Asif Alam
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Picot-Allain MCN, Emmambux MN. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Nanocellulose from Agro-industrial By-products: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1928689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
49
|
Rana AK, Frollini E, Thakur VK. Cellulose nanocrystals: Pretreatments, preparation strategies, and surface functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1554-1581. [PMID: 34029581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted great interest from researchers from academic and industrial areas because of their interesting structural features and unique physicochemical properties, such as magnificent mechanical strength, high surface area, and many hydroxyl groups for chemical modification, low density, and biodegradability. CNCs are an outstanding contender for applications in assorted fields comprehensive of, e.g., biomedical, electronic gadgets, water purifications, nanocomposites, membranes. Additionally, a persistent progression is going on in the extraction and surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals to fulfill the expanding need of producers to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals-based materials. In this review, the foundation of nanocellulose that emerged from lignocellulosic biomass and recent development in extraction/preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and different types of cellulose nanocrystal surface modification techniques are summed up. The different sorts of cellulose modification reactions that have been discussed are acetylation, oxidations, esterifications, etherifications, ion-pair formation, hydrogen bonding, silanization, nucleophilic substitution reactions, and so forth. The mechanisms of surface functionalization reactions are also introduced and considered concerning the impact on the reactions. Moreover, the primary association of cellulose and different forms of nanocellulose has likewise been examined for beginners in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources, University of São Paulo, C.P. 780, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nasution H, Olaiya NG, Haafiz MKM, Abdullah CK, Bakar SA, Olaiya FG, Mohamed A, H. P. S. AK. The role of amphiphilic chitosan in hybrid nanocellulose–reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Nasution
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan 20155 Indonesia
| | - Niyi G. Olaiya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia Gelugor 11800 Malaysia
| | - M. K. Mohamad Haafiz
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia Gelugor 11800 Malaysia
| | - C. K. Abdullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia Gelugor 11800 Malaysia
| | - Suriani Abu Bakar
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Tanjong Malim 35900 Malaysia
| | - Funmilayo G. Olaiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan 20155 Indonesia
| | - Azmi Mohamed
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Tanjong Malim 35900 Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|