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Machado ND, Mosquera JE, Cejudo-Bastante C, Goñi ML, Martini RE, Gañán NA, Mantell-Serrano C, Casas-Cardoso L. Supercritical Impregnation of PETG with Olea europaea Leaf Extract: Influence of Operational Parameters on Expansion Degree, Antioxidant and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38891513 PMCID: PMC11174583 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PETG (poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate)) is an amorphous copolymer, biocompatible, recyclable, and versatile. Nowadays, it is being actively researched for biomedical applications. However, proposals of PETG as a platform for the loading of bioactive compounds from natural extract are scarce, as well as the effect of the supercritical impregnation on this polymer. In this work, the supercritical impregnation of PETG filaments with Olea europaea leaf extract was investigated, evaluating the effect of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and depressurization rate (5-50 bar min-1) on the expansion degree, antioxidant activity, and mechanical properties of the resulting filaments. PETG expansion degree ranged from ~3 to 120%, with antioxidant loading ranging from 2.28 to 17.96 g per 100 g of polymer, corresponding to oxidation inhibition values of 7.65 and 66.55%, respectively. The temperature and the binary interaction between pressure and depressurization rate most affected these properties. The mechanical properties of PETG filaments depended greatly on process variables. Tensile strength values were similar or lower than the untreated filaments. Young's modulus and elongation at break values decreased below ~1000 MPa and ~10%, respectively, after the scCO2 treatment and impregnation. The extent of this decrease depended on the supercritical operational parameters. Therefore, filaments with higher antioxidant activity and different expansion degrees and mechanical properties were obtained by adjusting the supercritical processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia D. Machado
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - José E. Mosquera
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (TIMR), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale (ESCOM), Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne, France;
| | - Cristina Cejudo-Bastante
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - María L. Goñi
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Raquel E. Martini
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Nicolás A. Gañán
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Casimiro Mantell-Serrano
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - Lourdes Casas-Cardoso
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
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Jiu J, Liu H, Li D, Li J, Liu L, Yang W, Yan L, Li S, Zhang J, Li X, Li JJ, Wang B. 3D bioprinting approaches for spinal cord injury repair. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032003. [PMID: 38569491 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative healing of spinal cord injury (SCI) poses an ongoing medical challenge by causing persistent neurological impairment and a significant socioeconomic burden. The complexity of spinal cord tissue presents hurdles to successful regeneration following injury, due to the difficulty of forming a biomimetic structure that faithfully replicates native tissue using conventional tissue engineering scaffolds. 3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technology with unmatched potential to create 3D biological tissues with complicated and hierarchical structure and composition. With the addition of biological additives such as cells and biomolecules, 3D bioprinting can fabricate preclinical implants, tissue or organ-like constructs, andin vitromodels through precise control over the deposition of biomaterials and other building blocks. This review highlights the characteristics and advantages of 3D bioprinting for scaffold fabrication to enable SCI repair, including bottom-up manufacturing, mechanical customization, and spatial heterogeneity. This review also critically discusses the impact of various fabrication parameters on the efficacy of spinal cord repair using 3D bioprinted scaffolds, including the choice of printing method, scaffold shape, biomaterials, and biological supplements such as cells and growth factors. High-quality preclinical studies are required to accelerate the translation of 3D bioprinting into clinical practice for spinal cord repair. Meanwhile, other technological advances will continue to improve the regenerative capability of bioprinted scaffolds, such as the incorporation of nanoscale biological particles and the development of 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dijun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenjie Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Silva RDC, de Castro GM, Oliveira ABDS, Brasil ACDM. Effect of 3D-Printed Honeycomb Core on Compressive Property of Hybrid Energy Absorbers: Experimental Testing and Optimization Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:522. [PMID: 38276460 PMCID: PMC10821499 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative method of constructing energy absorbers, whose primary function is to effectively transform kinetic energy into strain energy in events with high deformation rates. Hybrid specimens are proposed considering thin-walled windowed metallic tubes filled with 3D-printed hexagonal honeycombs made of PET-G and ABS thermoplastic. The patterned windows dimensions vary from 20 × 20, 20 × 30, 15 × 20 and 15 × 30 mm2. Although using polymers in engineering and thin-walled sections is not new, their combination has not been explored in this type of structure designed to withstand impacts. Specimens resist out-of-plane quasi-static axial loading, and test results are analyzed, demonstrating that polymer core gives the samples better performance parameters than unfilled samples regarding energy absorption (Ea), load rate (LR), and structural effectiveness (η). An optimization procedure using specialized software was applied to evaluate experimental results, which led to identifying the optimal window geometry (16.4 × 20 mm2, in case) and polymer to be used (ABS). The optimized sample was constructed and tested for axial compression to validate the optimization outcomes. The results reveal that the optimal sample performed similarly to the estimated parameters, making this geometry the best choice under the test conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Silva
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Gama College, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 72444-240, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation in Transport, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.M.d.C.); (A.C.d.M.B.)
| | - Gabriel Martins de Castro
- Post-Graduation in Transport, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.M.d.C.); (A.C.d.M.B.)
| | - Alessandro Borges de Sousa Oliveira
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Gama College, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 72444-240, Brazil;
| | - Augusto César de Mendonça Brasil
- Post-Graduation in Transport, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.M.d.C.); (A.C.d.M.B.)
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K K, Karuppudaiyan S, Roy S. Design and analysis of multi-material structures of 3D printed implants of mandible. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:065020. [PMID: 37797593 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in 3D printing technology have paved the way for improvements in the integrity and biological characteristics of polymer implants. The principal objective of this research is the construction of a heterogeneous implant structure using a multi-material approach and 3D printing. Due to their advantageous strength-to-weight ratio, biocompatible polymers have an increasing application in the field of medicine. The osteo-integration process, in which implants bind to the bone over time, can be made more effective by incorporating these materials into implants. In this work, we focused especially on analyzing the strength and integrity of polymer material implants that were created using a combination of different materials, and their stress distribution, and the deformation of these multi-material structures when they were subjected to physiological loading through finite element analysis. The evidence from the frontal bite condition has led to some fascinating conclusions. The variations in stress were observed in homogenous structures, with values ranging from 37.42 MPa for the TPU to 41.07 MPa for the PETG. In contrast, stress distributions in multi-material constructions ranged from 52.31 MPa (in the case of TPU +TPU) to 73.55 MPa (in the case of PLA+ PCL). Similarly, the maximum deformation in homogeneous constructions ranged from 0.81mm (PLA) to 6.85mm (PCL). The deformation of multi-material structures composed of several different materials ranged from 0.68mm (PLA+ PLA) to 5.74 mm (PCL+PCL).These findings provide conclusive evidence that multi-material architectures have a considerable impact on known stress and strain levels. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the combination of PLA+PLA and PLA+PETG displayed deformation that was equivalent to that of the intact bone model while having lower stress levels. The results of this study provide useful information that can be used to select optimal multi-material combinations that can be 3D printed for implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaithendral K
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Karuppudaiyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandipan Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mrówka M, Lenża-Czempik J, Dawicka A, Skonieczna M. Polyurethane-Based Nanocomposites for Regenerative Therapies of Cancer Skin Surgery with Low Inflammatory Potential to Healthy Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes In Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37769-37780. [PMID: 37867722 PMCID: PMC10586018 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites based on thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) filled with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were studied for their physicochemical and biological properties. Nanocomposites containing halloysite nanotube filler contents of 1 and 2% (E+1 and E+2), respectively, were obtained by extrusion. The newly formed E+1 and E+2 nanomaterials exhibited better flexibility and similar thermal properties compared to neat polyurethane. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram analysis showed that the distribution of halloysite nanotubes in the polymer matrix is more evenly dispersed in the E+1 nanomaterial, where the grains in the E+2 nanomaterial have a greater tendency to form agglomerates. Mechanical tests have shown that nanocomposites with the addition of HNT are characterized by a higher stress at break and elongation at break compared to neat TPU. The results of cytotoxicity tests suggest that the nanocomposite materials express lower toxicity to normal HaCaT and NHDF than to cancer Me45 cells. Further studies showed that the tested materials induced the expression of proinflammatory interleukins IL6 and IL8 in normal cells, but their overexpression in the cancer cell line resulted in cytostatic effects and proliferation reduction. Such a conclusion suggests the possible application of tested materials for regenerative therapies in cancer surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department
of Material Technologies, Faculty of Material Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
- Material
Innovations Laboratory, Silesian University
of Technology, Krasińskiego
8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Anahit Dawicka
- Biotechnology
Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department
of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian
University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Biotechnology
Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department
of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian
University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Hu Q, Cui J, Zhang H, Liu S, Ramalingam M. A 5 + 1-Axis 3D Printing Platform for Producing Customized Intestinal Fistula Stents. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:955-970. [PMID: 37886400 PMCID: PMC10599436 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Tailored intestinal fistula stents with a hollow bent pipe structure prepared by using a three-axis bio-printing platform are often unsuitable due to low printing efficiency and quality caused by the unavoidable need for a supporting structure. Herein, a 5 + 1-axis 3D printing platform was built and developed for producing support-free intestinal fistula stents. A 3D model of the target stent shape and dimensions was treated by a dynamic slicing algorithm, which was then used to prepare a motion control code. Our printing method showed improved printing efficiency, superior stent surface properties and structure and ideal elasticity and mechanical strength to meet the mechanical requirements of the human body. Static simulations showed the importance of axial printing techniques, whereas the stent itself was shown to have excellent biocompatibility with wettability and cell proliferation tests. We present a customizable, efficient, and high-quality method with the potential for preparing bespoke stents for treating intestinal fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiguang Zhang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suihong Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Desai SM, Sonawane RY, More AP. Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Markov PA, Vinogradov II, Kostromina E, Eremin PS, Gilmutdinova IR, Kudryashova IS, Greben A, Rachin AP, Nechaev AN. A wound dressing based on a track-etched membrane modified by a biopolymer nanoframe: physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Czyżewski W, Jachimczyk J, Hoffman Z, Szymoniuk M, Litak J, Maciejewski M, Kura K, Rola R, Torres K. Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144731. [PMID: 35888198 PMCID: PMC9315853 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high cost of biofabricated titanium mesh plates can make them out of reach for hospitals in low-income countries. To increase the availability of cranioplasty, the authors of this work investigated the production of polymer-based endoprostheses. Recently, cheap, popular desktop 3D printers have generated sufficient opportunities to provide patients with on-demand and on-site help. This study also examines the technologies of 3D printing, including SLM, SLS, FFF, DLP, and SLA. The authors focused their interest on the materials in fabrication, which include PLA, ABS, PET-G, PEEK, and PMMA. Three-dimensional printed prostheses are modeled using widely available CAD software with the help of patient-specific DICOM files. Even though the topic is insufficiently researched, it can be perceived as a relatively safe procedure with a minimal complication rate. There have also been some initial studies on the costs and legal regulations. Early case studies provide information on dozens of patients living with self-made prostheses and who are experiencing significant improvements in their quality of life. Budget 3D-printed endoprostheses are reliable and are reported to be significantly cheaper than the popular counterparts manufactured from polypropylene polyester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Czyżewski
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Jakub Jachimczyk
- Student Scientific Society, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Zofia Hoffman
- Student Scientific Society, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Szymoniuk
- Student Scientific Association of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejewski
- Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Kura
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Radosław Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.C.); (K.T.)
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The Development of Biomimetic Aligned Skeletal Muscles in a Fully 3D Printed Microfluidic Device. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 7:biomimetics7010002. [PMID: 35076457 PMCID: PMC8788470 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal muscles are characterized by a unique aligned microstructure of myotubes which is important for their function as well as for their homeostasis. Thus, the recapitulation of the aligned microstructure of skeletal muscles is crucial for the construction of an advanced biomimetic model aimed at drug development applications. Here, we have developed a 3D printed micropatterned microfluid device (3D-PMMD) through the employment of a fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printer and clear filaments made of biocompatible polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). We could fabricate micropatterns through the adjustment of the printing deposition heights of PETG filaments, leading to the generation of aligned half-cylinder-shaped micropatterns in a dimension range from 100 µm to 400 µm in width and from 60 µm to 150 µm in height, respectively. Moreover, we could grow and expand C2C12 mouse myoblast cells on 3D-PMMD where cells could differentiate into aligned bundles of myotubes with respect to the dimension of each micropattern. Furthermore, our platform was applicable with the electrical pulses stimulus (EPS) modality where we noticed an improvement in myotubes maturation under the EPS conditions, indicating the potential use of the 3D-PMMD for biological experiments as well as for myogenic drug development applications in the future.
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Influence of the Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Addition on Selected Mechanical and Biological Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133625. [PMID: 34209626 PMCID: PMC8269716 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halloysite nanotube (HNT) additions to the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) system were thoroughly evaluated in this study. The resultant composites have been designed for future personalized intervertebral disc implant applications, which requires additional technology to obtain the appropriate geometry unique to each patient. These requirements can be fulfilled using 3D printing. In this work, a technology was developed to produce filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Nanocomposites were prepared using variable HNT content (1, 2, and 3 wt.%). The nanostructure of the resultant composites was confirmed using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Mechanical tests were used to measure the tensile modulus, stress, and elongation the composites and TPU matrix. Nanocomposites with 2% HNT content were able to withstand 26% increased stress and 50% increased elongation compared to pure TPU before fracturing in addition to a 13% reduction in the friction coefficient. A MTT cytotoxicity assay confirmed the cytotoxicity of all tested materials against human epidermal keratinocyte cells (HaCaT).
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