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Smith AM, Inocencio DG, Pardi BM, Gopinath A, Andresen Eguiluz RC. Facile Determination of the Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus of Polyacrylamide Gels and Polydimethylsiloxane. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:2405-2416. [PMID: 38420286 PMCID: PMC10897882 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c03154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAH gel) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, an elastomer) are two soft materials often used in cell mechanics and mechanobiology, in manufacturing lab-on-a-chip applications, among others. This is partly due to the ability to tune their elasticity with ease in addition to various chemical modifications. For affine polymeric networks, two (of three) elastic constants, Young's modulus (E), the shear modulus (G), and Poisson's ratio (ν), describe the purely elastic response to external forces. However, the literature addressing the experimental determination of ν for PAH (sometimes called PAA gels in the literature) and the PDMS elastomer is surprisingly limited when compared to the literature that reports values of the elastic moduli, E and G. Here, we present a facile method to obtain the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus for PAH gel and PDMS elastomer based on static tensile tests. The value of ν obtained from the deformation of the sample is compared to the value determined by comparing E and G via a second independent method that utilizes small amplitude shear rheology. We show that the Poisson's ratio may vary significantly from the value for incompressible materials (ν = 0.5), often assumed in the literature even for soft compressible hydrogels. Surprisingly, we find a high degree of agreement between elastic constants obtained by shear rheology and macroscopic static tension test data for polyacrylamide hydrogels but not for elastomeric PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariell Marie Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
| | - Dominique Gabriele Inocencio
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
| | - Brandon Michael Pardi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
| | - Arvind Gopinath
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
| | - Roberto Carlos Andresen Eguiluz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95344, United States
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Asciak L, Gilmour L, Williams JA, Foster E, Díaz-García L, McCormick C, Windmill JFC, Mulvana HE, Jackson-Camargo JC, Domingo-Roca R. Investigating multi-material hydrogel three-dimensional printing for in vitro representation of the neo-vasculature of solid tumours: a comprehensive mechanical analysis and assessment of nitric oxide release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230929. [PMID: 37593713 PMCID: PMC10427827 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Many solid tumours (e.g. sarcoma, carcinoma and lymphoma) form a disorganized neo-vasculature that initiates uncontrolled vessel formation to support tumour growth. The complexity of these environments poses a significant challenge for tumour medicine research. While animal models are commonly used to address some of these challenges, they are time-consuming and raise ethical concerns. In vitro microphysiological systems have been explored as an alternative, but their production typically requires multi-step lithographic processes that limit their production. In this work, a novel approach to rapidly develop multi-material tissue-mimicking, cell-compatible platforms able to represent the complexity of a solid tumour's neo-vasculature is investigated via stereolithography three-dimensional printing. To do so, a series of acrylate resins that yield covalently photo-cross-linked hydrogels with healthy and diseased mechano-acoustic tissue-mimicking properties are designed and characterized. The potential viability of these materials to displace animal testing in preclinical research is assessed by studying the morphology, actin expression, focal adhesions and nitric oxide release of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These materials are exploited to produce a simplified multi-material three-dimensional printed model of the neo-vasculature of a solid tumour, demonstrating the potential of our approach to replicate the complexity of solid tumours in vitro without the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Asciak
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lauren Gilmour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Euan Foster
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lara Díaz-García
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - James F. C. Windmill
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen E. Mulvana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Roger Domingo-Roca
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Song X, Lu G, Wang J, Zheng J, Sui S, Li Q, Zhang Y. Molecular Dynamics-Assisted Design of High Temperature-Resistant Polyacrylamide/Poloxamer Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165326. [PMID: 36014564 PMCID: PMC9414860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide has promising applications in a wide variety of fields. However, conventional polyacrylamide is prone to hydrolysis and thermal degradation under high temperature conditions, resulting in a decrease in solution viscosity with increasing temperature, which limits its practical effect. Herein, combining molecular dynamics and practical experiments, we explored a facile and fast mixing strategy to enhance the thermal stability of polyacrylamide by adding common poloxamers to form the interpenetrating network hydrogel. The blending model of three synthetic polyacrylamides (cationic, anionic, and nonionic) and poloxamers was first established, and then the interaction process between them was simulated by all-atom molecular dynamics. In the results, it was found that the hydrogen bonding between the amide groups on all polymers and the oxygen-containing groups (ether and hydroxyl groups) on poloxamers is very strong, which may be the key to improve the high temperature resistance of the hydrogel. Subsequent rheological tests also showed that poloxamers can indeed significantly improve the stability and viscosity of nonionic polyacrylamide containing only amide groups at high temperatures and can maintain a high viscosity of 3550 mPa·S at 80 °C. Transmission electron microscopy further showed that the nonionic polyacrylamide/poloxamer mixture further formed an interpenetrating network structure. In addition, the Fourier transform infrared test also proved the existence of strong hydrogen bonding between the two polymers. This work provides a useful idea for improving the properties of polyacrylamide, especially for the design of high temperature materials for physical blending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development, Beijing 100083, China
- Research and Development Center for the Sustainable Development of Continental Sandstone Mature Oilfield by National Energy Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Research and Development Center for the Sustainable Development of Continental Sandstone Mature Oilfield by National Energy Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingxing Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shanying Sui
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence:
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Su Y, Wang Z, Legrand A, Aoyama T, Ma N, Wang W, Otake KI, Urayama K, Horike S, Kitagawa S, Furukawa S, Gu C. Hypercrosslinked Polymer Gels as a Synthetic Hybridization Platform for Designing Versatile Molecular Separators. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6861-6870. [PMID: 35315656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs), amorphous microporous three-dimensional networks based on covalent linkage of organic building blocks, are a promising class of materials due to their high surface area and easy functionalization; however, this type of material lacks processability due to its network rigidity based on covalent crosslinking. Indeed, the development of strategies to improve its solution processability for broader applications remains challenging. Although HCPs have similar three-dimensionally crosslinked networks to polymer gels, HCPs usually do not form gels but insoluble powders. Herein, we report the synthesis of HCP gels from a thermally induced polymerization of a tetrahedral monomer, which undergoes consecutive solubilization, covalent bond formation, colloidal formation, followed by their aggregation and percolation to yield a hierarchically porous network. The resulting gels feature concentration-dependent hierarchical porosities and mechanical stiffness. Furthermore, these HCP gels can be used as a platform to achieve molecular-level hybridization with a two-dimensional polymer during the HCP gel formation. This method provides functional gels and corresponding aerogels with the enhancement of porosities and mechanical stiffness. Used in column- and membrane-based molecular separation systems, the hybrid gels exhibited a separation of water contaminants with the efficiency of 97.9 and 98.6% for methylene blue and KMnO4, respectively. This result demonstrated the potentials of the HCP gels and their hybrid derivatives in separation systems requiring macroscopic scaffolds with hierarchical porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Nattapol Ma
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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