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Rachtanapun P, Sawangrat C, Kanthiya T, Thipchai P, Kaewapai K, Suhr J, Worajittiphon P, Tanadchangsaeng N, Wattanachai P, Jantanasakulwong K. Effect of Plasma Treatment on Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:938. [PMID: 38611197 PMCID: PMC11013669 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bamboo cellulose fiber (BF)-reinforced epoxy (EP) composites were fabricated with BF subjected to plasma treatment using argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) gases. Optimal mechanical properties of the EP/BF composites were achieved with BFs subjected to 30 min of plasma treatment using Ar. This is because Ar gas improved the plasma electron density, surface polarity, and BF roughness. Flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with O2 plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the etching of the fiber surface with Ar gas improved interfacial adhesion. The water contact angle and surface tension of the EP/BF composite improved after 10 min of Ar treatment, owing to the compatibility between the BFs and the EP matrix. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed a reduction in lignin after treatment and the formation of new peaks at 1736 cm-1, which indicated a reaction between epoxy groups of the EP and carbon in the BF backbone. This reaction improved the compatibility, mechanical properties, and water resistance of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Choncharoen Sawangrat
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Thidarat Kanthiya
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Parichat Thipchai
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kannikar Kaewapai
- Science and Technology Park (STeP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Pitiwat Wattanachai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Plota-Pietrzak A, Czechowski L, Masek A. Influence of a Biofiller, Polylactide, on the General Characteristics of Epoxy-Based Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1069. [PMID: 38473541 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to obtain epoxy-based composite structures with good mechanical performance, high aging resistance, and an improved degradability profile. For this purpose, powdered polylactide in the amount of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr was introduced into the epoxy resin, and the composites were fabricated by a simple method, which is similar to that used on an industrial scale in the fabrication of these products. The first analysis concerned the study of the effect of PLA addition to epoxy resin-based composites on their mechanical properties. One-directional tensile tests of samples were performed for three directions (0, 90, and 45 degrees referring to the plate edges). Another aspect of this research was the assessment of the resistance of these composites to long-term exposure to solar radiation and elevated temperature. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the samples containing 20 or 40 phr of polylactide were characterized by the lowest resistance to the solar aging process. It was therefore concluded that the optimal amount of polylactide in the epoxy resin composite should not be greater than 10 phr to maintain its mechanical behavior and high aging resistance. In the available literature, there are many examples in which scientists have proposed the use of various biofillers (e.g., lignin, starch, rice husk, coconut shell powder) in epoxy composites; however, the impact of polylactide on the general characteristics of the epoxy resin has not been described so far. Therefore, this work perfectly fills the gaps in the literature and may contribute to a more widespread use of additives of natural origin, which may constitute an excellent alternative to commonly used non-renewable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Plota-Pietrzak
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Kiattipornpithak K, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Sommano SR, Leksawasdi N, Kittikorn T, Jantanasakulwong K. Bamboo Pulp Toughening Poly (Lactic Acid) Composite Using Reactive Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3789. [PMID: 37765643 PMCID: PMC10537309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composite with excellent mechanical properties, toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance was developed using a reactive melt-blending technique. PLA was melt mixed with epoxy resin (EPOXY) and bamboo pulp (PULP) to improve its reaction and mechanical properties. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful reaction of the PLA/EPOXY/PULP composites; the epoxy groups of EPOXY reacted with the -COOH groups of PLA and the -OH groups of PULP. The PLA/EPOXY/PULP5 composite showed a high tensile strength (67 MPa) and high toughness of 762 folding cycles, whereas the highest tensile strength was 77 MPa in the PLA/EPOXY5/PULP20 sample. SEM images presented a gap between the PLA and PULP; gap size decreased with the addition of EPOXY. The Tg of the PLA decreased with the EPOXY plasticizer effect, whereas the Tm did not significantly change. PULP induced crystallinity and increased Vicat softening of the PLA/PULP and PLA/EPOXY/PULP composites. The EPOXY reaction of the PLA/PULP composites improved their tensile properties, toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittameth Kiattipornpithak
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Thorsak Kittikorn
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
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Thajai N, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Punyodom W, Worajittiphon P, Phimolsiripol Y, Leksawasdi N, Ross S, Jantrawut P, Jantanasakulwong K. Reactive Blending of Modified Thermoplastic Starch Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Poly(butylene succinate) Blending with Epoxy Compatibilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3487. [PMID: 37631544 PMCID: PMC10458758 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable starch-based polymers were developed by melt-blending modified thermoplastic starch (MTPS) with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blended with epoxy resin (Er). A modified thermoplastic starch blend with chlorhexidine gluconate (MTPSCh) was prepared by melt-blending cassava starch with glycerol and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) 1.0% wt. The Er was melt-blended with PBS (PBSE) at concentrations of 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (wt%/wt%). The mechanical properties, water resistance, and morphology of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends were investigated. The MTPSCh/PBSE2.5% blend showed an improvement in tensile strength (8.1 MPa) and elongation at break (86%) compared to the TPSCh/PBS blend (2.6 MPa and 53%, respectively). In addition, water contact angle measurements indicated an increase in the hydrophobicity of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improvement in thermal stability when PBS was added to the MTPSCh blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data confirmed a new reaction between the amino groups of CHG in MTPSCh and the epoxy groups of Er in PBSE, which improved the interfacial adhesion of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends. This reaction improved the mechanical properties, water resistance, morphology, and thermal stability of the TPSCh/PBSE blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthicha Thajai
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (International Program/Interdisciplinary), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sukunya Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
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5
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Yu C, Feng J, Feng K, Mo Z, He Y, Wang Q, Yu A, Leng Z, Shi P, Liu Y. Effect of multi‐epoxy compatibilizers with branched structures on enhancing mechanical and compatibility of
PLA
/starch composite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongdong Yu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Feng
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Feng
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Mo
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin He
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qingting Wang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Anyang Yu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Leng
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Shi
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province Zhuzhou People's Republic of China
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6
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Baishya P, Bhasney SM, Katiyar V. Excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties exhibited by bamboo fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) - epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Improving the Heat Resistance and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Composites by Novel Multifunctional Cyclophosphazene Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010059. [PMID: 36616409 PMCID: PMC9824309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiple-ring molecule containing P and N, called HCCP-SA, was successfully prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of salicylamide (SA) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Particularly, HCCP-SA possessed the dual functions of heat resistance and flame retardancy. The molecular structure of HCCP-SA was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HCCP-SA was bonded into the molecular chain of epoxy resin by the ring-opening curing reaction of epoxy resin, aiming to form a heat-resistant and flame-retardant composite (E-HS-x). In particular, the best-prepared E-HS-x composite with a 20 phr content of HCCP-SA (E-HS-20) presented excellent thermal stability, with an initial decomposition temperature of 267.94 °C and a max weight loss speed of only 0.95 mg·min-1. Moreover, E-HS-20 exhibited remarkable flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value of 27.1% and a V-2 rating in the UL94 flame retardancy test. The best-prepared E-HS-20 composite would be a suitable and potential candidate for heat-resistant and flame-retardant polymer materials.
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Bennett C, Sojithamporn P, Thanakulwattana W, Wattanutchariya W, Leksakul K, Nakkiew W, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P, Suhr J, Sawangrat C. Optimization of 3D Printing Technology for Fabrication of Dental Crown Prototype Using Plastic Powder and Zirconia Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8618. [PMID: 36500111 PMCID: PMC9738052 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research was aimed at developing a dental prototype from 3D printing technology using a synthetic filament of polylactic acid (PLA) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) with glycerol and silane coupling agent as a binder. A face-centered central composite design was used to study the effects of the filament extrusion parameters and the 3D printing parameters. Tensile and compressive testing was conducted to determine the stress-strain relationship of the filaments. The yield strength, elongation percentage and Young's modulus were also calculated. Results showed the melting temperature of 193 °C, ZrO2 ratio of 17 wt.% and 25 rpm screw speed contributed to the highest ultimate tensile strength of the synthetic filament. A Nozzle temperature of 210 °C and an infill density of 100% had the most effect on the ultimate compressive strength whilst the printing speed had no significant effects. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the thermal properties and percentage of crystallinity of PLA filaments. The addition of glycerol and a silane coupling agent increased the tensile strength and filament size. The ZrO2 particles induced the crystallization of the PLA matrix. A higher crystallization was also obtained from the annealing treatment resulting in the greater thermal resistance performance of the dental crown prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonlada Bennett
- Agriculture and Bio Plasma Technology Centre (ABPlas), Science and Technology Park, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Phanumas Sojithamporn
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Thanakulwattana
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wassanai Wattanutchariya
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Advanced Manufacturing and Management Technology Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Komgrit Leksakul
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasawat Nakkiew
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choncharoen Sawangrat
- Agriculture and Bio Plasma Technology Centre (ABPlas), Science and Technology Park, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Advanced Manufacturing and Management Technology Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Tailoring the composition of biocopolyester blends for dimensionally accurate extrusion-based printing, annealing and steam sterilization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20341. [PMID: 36434090 PMCID: PMC9700831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) represents a straightforward additive manufacturing technique applied in the medical sector for personalized patient treatment. However, frequently processed biopolymers lack sufficient thermal stability to be used as auxiliary devices such as surgical guides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of experimental biocopolyester blends with improved thermal characteristics after printing, annealing and sterilization. A total of 160 square specimens and 40 surgical guides for oral implant placement were printed. One subgroup of each material (n = 10) underwent thermal annealing before both subgroups were subjected to steam sterilization (134 °C; 5 min). Specimens were digitized and the deviation from the original file was calculated. The thermal behavior was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. A one-way ANOVA and t-tests were applied for statistical analyses (p < 0.05). All biocopolyester blends showed warpage during steam sterilization. However, the material modification with mineral fillers (21-32 wt%) and nucleating agents in combination with thermal annealing showed a significantly reduced warpage of printed square specimens. Geometry of the printing object seemed to affect dimensional accuracy, as printed surgical guides showed less distortion between the groups. In summary, biocopolyesters did benefit from fillers and annealing to improve their dimensional stability.
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10
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Thajai N, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Chaiyaso T, Phimolsiripol Y, Leksawasdi N, Sommano SR, Sringarm K, Chaiwarit T, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P, Kodsangma A, Ross S, Worajittiphon P, Punyodom W, Jantanasakulwong K. Antimicrobial thermoplastic starch reactive blend with chlorhexidine gluconate and epoxy resin. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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A Study on Temperature Distribution within HVDC Bushing Influenced by Accelerator Content during the Curing Process. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Power transmission technology plays an important role in energy sustainability. Bushing is an indispensable type of equipment in power transmission. In production, the accelerator changes the temperature distribution during the curing process, influencing the formation of defects and thus the safety output of renewable energy. In this study, uncured epoxy resin samples with different accelerator contents were prepared and measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The obtained heat flow curves were analyzed for curing kinetics. Then, the curing process of large length–diameter ratio bushings was simulated by using the finite element method combined with a curing kinetics model, transient Fourier heat transfer model, and stress–strain model. The study reveals that the curing system can be established by the Sestak–Berggren autocatalytic model with different accelerator contents. The overall curing degree and the maximum radial temperature difference of the capacitor core tend to increase and then decrease with the accelerator content. This is mainly attributable to the rapid exotherm excluding the participation of some molecular chains in the reaction, resulting in permanent under-curing. As the accelerator content increases, the strain peak decreases and then increases. This paper provides guidance for the comprehensive evaluation and manufacturing of the low-defect capacitor cores of large-size high voltage direct current (HVDC) bushings.
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12
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Modified Poly(Lactic Acid) Epoxy Resin Using Chitosan for Reactive Blending with Epoxidized Natural Rubber: Analysis of Annealing Time. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061085. [PMID: 35335415 PMCID: PMC8949308 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) was melt-blended with epoxy resin without hardener and chitosan (CTS) to prepare modified PLA (PLAEC). Epoxy resin 5% and CTS 1–20% (wt/wt) were incorporated into PLA during melt mixing. PLAEC was melt-blended with an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) 80/20 wt. The PLAEC CTS 1% blended with ENR (PLAEC1/ENR) showed a high tensile strength (30 MPa) and elongation at break (7%). The annealing process at 80 °C for 0–15 min maintained a tensile strength of approximately 30 MPa. SEM images of the PLAE/ENR blend showed phase inversion from co-continuous to ENR particle dispersion in the PLA matrix with the addition of CTS, whereas the annealing time reduced the hole sizes of the extracted ENR phase due to the shrinkage of PLA by crystallization. Thermal properties were observed by DSC and a Vicat softening test. The annealing process increased the crystallinity and Vicat softening temperature of the PLAEC1/ENR blend. Reactions of −COOH/epoxy groups and epoxy/−NH2 groups occurred during PLAE and PLAEC preparation, respectively. FTIR confirmed the reaction between the −NH2 groups of CTS in PLAEC and the epoxy groups of ENR. This reaction increased the mechanical properties, while the annealing process improved the morphology and thermal properties of the blend.
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Chen Y, Wu X, Li M, Qian L, Zhou H. Mechanically Robust and Flame-Retardant Polylactide Composites Based on In Situ Formation of Crosslinked Network Structure by DCP and TAIC. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:308. [PMID: 35054714 PMCID: PMC8782028 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of intumescent flame retardant to PLA can greatly improve the flame retardancy of the material and inhibit the dripping, but the major drawback is the adverse impact of the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, we found that the flame retardant and mechanical properties of the materials can be improved simultaneously by constructing a cross-linked structure. Firstly, a cross-linking flame-retardant PLA structure was designed by adding 0.9 wt% DCP and 0.3 wt% TAIC. After that, different characterization methods including torque, melt flow rate, molecular weight and gel content were used to clarify the formation of crosslinking structures. Results showed that the torque of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 307% and the melt flow rate decreased by 77.8%. The gel content of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA was 30.8%, indicating the formation of cross-linked structures. Then, the mechanical properties and flame retardant performance were studied. Results showed that, compared with FRPLA, the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 34.8%, 82.6% and 42.9%, respectively. The flame retardancy test results showed that 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA had a very high LOI (the limiting oxygen index) value of 39.2% and passed the UL94 V-0 level without dripping. Finally, the crosslinking reaction mechanism, flame retardant mechanism and the reasons for the improvement of mechanical properties were studied and described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
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14
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Fan WX, Li Z, Yang Z, Ou JF, Xiang M, Qin ZL. Improving the curing and flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites by multifunctional Si-containing cyclophosphazene derivatives. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13756-13764. [PMID: 35530380 PMCID: PMC9074772 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel star-like molecules containing P, N and Si with dual functions of flame retardance and curing promotion (abridged as HCCP–KH540) were successfully synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (KH540). HCCP–KH540 was incorporated with the matrix of epoxy resin (EP) to form a flame retardant composite abridged as E-HK. The activation energy of the curing reaction of the E-HK composite was reduced but the curing reaction rate was accelerated by HCCP–KH540. The E-HK composite with 30 phr content of HCCP–KH540 exhibited excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index of 29.6% and V-1 rating in the vertical burning test as well as excellent thermal stability with a char yield of 23.77% at 700 °C, compared with only 8.64% for pure EP. Novel star-like molecules containing P, N and Si with dual functions of flame retardance and curing promotion were synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xi Fan
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zefang Li
- School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fei Ou
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Li Qin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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15
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Wangtueai S, Chaiyaso T, Rachtanapun P, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Seesuriyachan P, Leksawasdi N, Phimolsiripol Y, Techapun C, Phongthai S, Sommano SR, Ougizawa T, Regenstein JM, Jantanasakulwong K. Thermoplastic cassava starch blend with polyethylene-grafted-maleic anhydride and gelatin core-shell structure compatibilizer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 197:49-54. [PMID: 34921892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was prepared from cassava starch blended with glycerol (70:30 w/w). Gelatin (Gel) was incorporated into the TPS in water. The TPS/Gel was melt-blended with polyethylene-grafted-maleic anhydride (PEMAH). Maximum tensile strength of the TPS/PEMAH/Gel10 (29.3 MPa) increased significantly compared to the TPS/PEMAH blend (6.3 MPa), while elongation at break was 70%. The morphology of the TPS/PEMAH showed co-continuous morphology, while phase inversion occurred with the addition of Gel. The Gel was dispersed in the TPS matrix and covered the PEMAH. The TPS/PEMAH/Gel was nanoparticles (200 nm) in the TPS matrix. It showed two melting temperatures for PEMAH due to two structures with different crystal sizes. Melt viscosity of the TPS/PEMAH was enhanced with increasing Gel as the reaction induced chain extension. FTIR and rheology measurements confirmed the reaction between -NH groups of Gel and MAH groups of PEMAH. This reaction improved interfacial adhesion, morphology, and the mechanical properties of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutee Wangtueai
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Charin Techapun
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand
| | - Suphat Phongthai
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Toshiaki Ougizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Joe M Regenstein
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7201, USA
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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16
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Leksawasdi N, Chaiyaso T, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Seesuriyachan P, Phimolsiripol Y, Techapun C, Sommano SR, Ougizawa T, Jantanasakulwong K. Corn starch reactive blending with latex from natural rubber using Na + ions augmented carboxymethyl cellulose as a crosslinking agent. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19250. [PMID: 34584182 PMCID: PMC8479073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixture of corn starch and glycerol plasticizer (CSG) was blended with latex natural rubber (LNR) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The addition of 10 phr of CMC improved the Young's modulus (6.7 MPa), tensile strength (8 MPa), and elongation at break (80%) of the CSG/LNR blend. The morphology of the CSG/LNR/CMC blends showed a uniform distribution of LNR particles (1-3 µm) in the CSG matrix. The addition of CMC enhanced the swelling ability and water droplet contact angle of the blends owing to the swelling properties, interfacial crosslinking, and amphiphilic structure of CMC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the reaction between the C=C bond of LNR and the carboxyl groups (-COO-) of CMC, in which the Na+ ions in CMC acted as a catalyst. Notably, the mechanical properties of the CSG/LNR/CMC blend were improved owing to the miscibility of CSG/CMC and the CMC/LNR interfacial reaction. The CSG/LNR/CMC biodegradable polymer with high mechanical properties and interfacial tension can be used for packaging, agriculture, and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Charin Techapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Toshiaki Ougizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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