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Kasi G, Stalin N, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Halder JN, Phongthai S, Worajittiphon P, Seo J, Thanakkasaranee S. Effect of Calcination Temperatures on Crystallite Size, Particle Size, and Antimicrobial Activity of Synthesized MgO and Its Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4868. [PMID: 40430007 PMCID: PMC12112568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 05/10/2025] [Accepted: 05/13/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial agents with excellent antimicrobial activity, high thermal stability, and non-toxic properties is an essential demand in food packaging, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. In the present study, MgO nanoflakes were synthesized via the co-precipitation method by varying calcination temperatures at 400, 500, and 600 °C. The effect of calcination temperature on the morphology, thermal stability, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity of the MgO nanoflakes was analyzed. All synthesized MgO samples showed a Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) structure. As the calcination temperature increased, the MgO crystallite and particle sizes increased, whereas the surface area decreased. In addition, the MgO synthesized from higher calcination temperatures showed higher thermal stability and crystallinity. The MgO synthesized from the lower calcination temperatures (400 and 500 °C) showed superior antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (100% R) and Staphylococcus aureus (100% R) than that from the higher calcination temperature (600 °C). The cytotoxicity test demonstrates slight cytotoxicity in MgO-400 °C at concentrations ranging from 100 to 200 µg/mL. Interestingly, MgO-500 °C and MgO-600 °C demonstrate biocompatibility and exhibit non-cytotoxic effects, respectively, highlighting their potential for practical applications in active food packaging and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Kasi
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (G.K.); (P.R.); (K.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Nattan Stalin
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (G.K.); (P.R.); (K.J.); (S.P.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (G.K.); (P.R.); (K.J.); (S.P.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Joshua Nizel Halder
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suphat Phongthai
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (G.K.); (P.R.); (K.J.); (S.P.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging & Logistics, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (G.K.); (P.R.); (K.J.); (S.P.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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